•  r 


View  in  Middle  Park,  Colorado. 


THE 


RESOURCES 


ROCKY  MOUNTAINS, 

BEING  A  BRIEF  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE 

MINERAL,  GRAZING,  AGRICULTURAL  AND  TIMBER  RESOURCES 

OF 

COLORADO,  UTAH,  ARIZONA,  NEW  MEXICO, 

WYOMING,  IDAHO,  MONTANA, 

AND  DAKOTA, 


E.  J.  FARMER, 


WESTWARD   THE   SflWfR   OF   EMPIRE   TAKES   ITS   WAY. 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO: 

LEADER     PRINTING    COMPANY,    146    SUPERIOR     STREET, 
1883. 


f 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1883,  by 

E.  J.  FARMER, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  Washington,  D.  C. 


o  /& 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 


INTRODUCTION,      -  5-    8 

GOLD  AND  SILVER  MINING,  -           -           -  -           -9-10 

GEOLOGICAL  NOTES,  -            -        n-  16 

STATE  OF  COLORADO,  -  17-40 

TERRITORY  OF— UTAH,     -  -        41-  54 

ARIZONA,     -  55-  66 

NEW  MEXICO,  -  -        67-  80 

WYOMING,  -  81-  94 

IDAHO,  -  -        95-106 

MONTANA,    -  107-120 

DAKOTA,  -            -      121-134 

MISCELLANEOUS  NOTES,  135-156 

STATISTICS,  -       157-170 

RAILWAYS,        .......  -171-196 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


VIEW  IN  MIDDLE  PARK,  COLORADO. 

NATIONAL  MINING  AND  EXPOSITION  BUILDING,  DENVER,  COL. 

SCENE  NEAR  GUNNISON  CITY. 

DEER — WESTERN  COLORADO. 

THE  JOLLY  BEARS. 

DISTANT  VIEW  OF  LOGAN,  UTAH. 

GATE  OF  LADORE,  COLORADO  RIVER. 

GRAND  CANON  OF  THE  COLORADO  (6,200  feet  deep). 

MAUVE  CANON  OF  THE  COLORADO. 

CAMPINGJN  THE  MESA  VERDE. 

AMID  THE  FORESTS  OF  WYOMING. 

DISTANT  VIEW  OF  THE  WIND  RIVER  MOUNTAINS. 

FAN^GEYSER,  YELLOWSTONE  PARK. 

PORTNEUF  VALLEY,  IDAHO. 

HUNTING  THE  BUFFALO. 

GARDINER  RIVER  HOT  SPRINGS,  YELLOWSTONE  PARK. 

GREAT  CANON  AND  LOWER  FALLS  OF  THE  YELLOWSTONE. 

NORTH  SHORE  OF  DEVIL'S  LAKE. 

INDIA,NS$HUNTING  BUFFALO. 

EMIGRANTS  ENCAMPED— THE  NIGHT  ATTACK. 


INTRODUCTION. 


TT  was  on  the  19tli  day  of  January,  1848,  that  James  W- 
-*-  Marshall,  at  Coloma,  made  the  first  discovery  of  gold 
in  California.  Numerous  discoveries  then  followed  in  quick 
succession,  until  the  cry  of  gold!  gold!  gold!  rang  all  along 
the  shores  of  the  Pacific ;  arose  like  the  clangor  of  bells, 
and  was  borne  upon  the  winds  over  the  Coast  Range ; 
thence  over  the  summits  of  the  Sierras,  and  the  still  higher 
crests  of  the  Rockies;  it  came  sweeping  down  the  long  in- 
cline plains  into  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi ;  thence  across 
the  broad  prairies  to  the  borders  of  the  lakes  ;  turning 
men's  faces  everywhere  towards  the  setting  sun:  still  onward 
through  the  woodlands  of  Ohio  and  Pennsylvania;  gliding 
over  the  peaks  of  the  Alleghanies,  and  the  Blue  Ridge,  and 
descending  to  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic,  it  was  wafted  to 
the  continent  of  Europe. 

Wherever  the  cry  was  heard,  men  began  to  "see  visions 
and  to  dream  dreams;"  and  from  that  moment  the  mighty 
march  of  empire  ![began.  From  every  port  sailed  ships, 
freighted  with  daring  and  adventureous  men,  destined  for 
the  land  of  gold.  From  the  topmost  masts  of  these  ships, 
on  long  streamers,  floated  upon  the  breeze  the  magic  word 
"California";  and  they  departed,  amid  cheers  from  unnum- 
bered thousands,  to  sweep  through  tempestuous  seas,  around 
Cape  Horn,  for  the  Golden  Gate.  In  the  meantime,  trains 
of  white  tented  wagons  were  fast  gathering  upon  the  banks 
of  the  Mississippi,  for  their  long  and  weary  march  to  the 
new  El  Dorado  of  the  world.  The  story  of  the  49'ers, 
whose  descendents  ar.e  now  the  nabobs  of  the  Pacific  coast, 
is  one  full  of  a  romance  such  as  can  never  again  be  repeated 
upon  the  American  continent. 


6  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

In  1852,  a  faint  cry  of  gold  was  heard  from  Gold  Creek, 
in  Montana;  only  to  be  increased  to  thunder  tones  by  discov- 
eries of  the  precious  metal  at  Pike's  Peak,  in  Colorado; 
when,  as  from  California,  the  thrice  echoed  sound  of  gold! 
gold !  gold!  was  again  heard  upon  the  shores  of  the  Atlantic, 
and  the  broad  expanse  of  the  continent  once  more  resounded 
with  the  tramp  of  marching  thousands.  From  that  hour, 
onward,  the  domain  of  civilization  was  rapidly  extended, 
until,  in  1869,  on  the  10th  day  of  May,  the  iron  arms  of 
the  Union  and  Central  Pacific  railways  clasp  hands  at  the 
snmmit  of  the  Rockies,  whilst  a  thrill  of  electric  joy  passed 
over  the  broad  expanse  of  the  continent  from  ocean  to 
ocean. 

Under  the  magic  influence  of  gold,  what  mighty  changes 
have  been  produced  in  thirty-five  years  !  What  a  stream 
of  this  metal  has  bean  .flowing  from  California,  Montana, 
Nevada,  and  Colorado,  into  the  world,  enriching  it  in  all 
that  goes  to  bring  man  to  his  highest  and  best  estate.  Under 
this  magic  word,  what  thousands  of  courageous  men  have 
scaled  every  mountain  side,  and  marched  through  every  valley 
of  the  vast  ranges  of  the  American  Cordilleras  !  They  have 
tapped  the  mighty  veins  of  the  mountains,  and,  to-day,  the 
cry  that  rings  from  ocean  to  ocean,  is,  silver!  silver!  silver! 
It  began  in  Nevada,  and  is  now  echoed  from  Colorado,  Utah, 
Arizona,  New  Mexico,  Wyoming,  Idaho,  Montana,  and  Da- 
kota. A  stream  of  silver  has  been  opened  amid  the  Rockies, 
that  will,  in  time,  make  the  American  Nation  the  richest  on 
the  globe. 

The  brief  sketches,  given  in  the  following  pages,  of  ^the 
Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  are  intended,  only  as  a 
bird's  eye  view  of  this  land  of  wealth.  To  reach  it,  it  is  no 
longer  necessary  to  sail  the  seas  around  Cape  Horn,  or  to 
travel  by  tedious  caravan  across  the  plains;  for  a  dozen  lines 
of  railway  lead  to  this  land  of  silver  ai\d  of  gold. 

The  slow  tented  wagons  have  given  place  to  the  luxurious 
palace  cars,  and  a  trip  across  the  plains  is  now  one  to  be  re- 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


membered  with  delight.  From  Chicago,  in  the  brief  space  of 
six  hours,  you  are  at  the  "Father  of  Waters,"  the  mighty  Mis- 
sissippi, while  in  twelve  more  you  are  upon  the  banks  of  the 
great  Missouri. 

Then  for  thirty  hours  you  traverse  the  plains  of  the  Great 
West  in  a  comfortable  palace  car,  and  rise,  as  by  a  steady 
incline,  to  an  altitude  of  5,600  feet  above  the  sea,  when  you 
come  to  the  "Queen  City  of  the  Plains" — Denver. 

Thus  far  you  have  crossed  broad  prairies,  which  ex- 
tend to  the  horizon  on  every  side,  in  livid  green.  You 
have  hurried  on  through  beautiful  towns  and  villages, 
set  here  and  there  upon  this  paradise  of  plenty.  The 
plowman  has  slacked  his  hand  by  the  waving  fields  of 
grain.  The  herds  of  fatted  cattle  have  wandered  in  greedy 
indolence,  unconscious  of  their  fate.  You  have  crossed  wide 
and  gently  flowing  rivers,  freighted  with  their  fleets  of  com- 
merce. You  have  traversed  by  day  and  by  night  those  im- 
mense plains  which  seem  to  have  no  ending,  but  extend  as 
though  they  went  on  ward  to  the  setting  sun.  Their  now  silent 
and  deserted  surfaces  you  have  in  imagination  peopled  with  the 
extinct  and  forgotten  tribes  of  the  red  men.  You  have  listened 
to  the  resounding  tramp  of  millions  of  buffalo  as  they  fled, 
pursued  by  their  inveterate  foes.  You  have  seen  the  first  white 
tented  wagons  making  their  tedious  way  to  the  land  of  gold. 
You  have  witnessed  bands  of  crawling  savages  surround  the 
caravans  of  the  white  man,  and  with  demoniac  yells  spring 
upon  their  sleeping  victims  and  end  their  golden  dreams  in 
dreadful  death.  You  have  seen  the  gathering  m altitude 
of  pale  faces  pressing  hard  upon  the  fast  retreating  In- 
dians and  buffalo.  You  have  seen  the  spirit  of  intelligence 
spread  her  white  wings,  while  from  her  nimble  fingers  fell 
the  thread  of  the  electric  telegraph — the  crowning  triumph  of 
all  the  ages.  You  have  recalled  your  thoughts,  and  found 
yourself  spinning  across  these  mighty  plains  in  a  chariot  har- 
nessed to  a  steed  of  fire.  You  have  turned  and  looked  to  see 
what  was  coming  after,  and  you  have  seen  towns  and  cities 


8  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

arise  as  by  a  magician's  wand.  You  have  again  looked  forward, 
ar.d  there,  stretched  out  in  unequal  grandeur,  lie  the  vast 
j  anges  of  the  Eocky  Mountains,  cleaving  the  air  from  north  to 
south  within  the  range  of  your  vision  for  full  three  hundred 
miles. 

The  information  contained  in  these  pages  has  been  obtained 
partly  by  travel,  and  partly  while  in  attendance  at  the  great 
National  Mining  and  Industrial  Exposition,  held  in  Denver, 
Colorado,  during  the  fall  of  1882,  and  is,  therefore,  reliable. 
Various  notes,  on  the  Structure  of  Mountains  and  Mineral 
Veins;  on  Gold  and  Silver  Mining;  statistics  in  relation  to  the 
Precious  Meta  s,  Public  Lands,  Emigration,  Wages,  Cost  of 
Living,  Elevation  of  the  Lands  above  Sea  Level,  Relief  of 
the  Continents,  Bonanza  Mines,  and  the  Denver  Exposition 
for  1883,  as  well  as  extracts  in  relation  to  the  Buffalo  and 
Indians,  have  been  added,  under  the  general  head  of  Miscel- 
laneous Notes  and  Statistics,  all  from  the  best  authorities,  and 
are  duly  credited.  Information  in  regard  to  all  the  railways, 
leading  from  Chicago  to  the  mountains,  is  given  under  the 
head  of  Railways  The  illustrations  may  serve  as  glimpses 
into  this  wonder  land. 

As  there  is  no  hand-book  of  the  kind  extant,  it  is  hoped 
that  THE  RESOURCES  OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAINS,  may  find 
a  welcome,  and  be  the  means  of  awakening  a  wider  interest 
in  the  marvellous  resources  of  our  Western  domain. 


E.  J.  FARMER. 


CLEVELAND,  OHIO, 

APRIL  25th,  1883. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


GOLD  AND  SILVER  MINING, 


Thomas  Kornish,  a  Distinguished  Mining-  Engineer,  of 
London,  England,  in  his  Pamphlet  on  Gold  Mining, 
says: 

There  is,  probably,  no  subject,  at  the  present  time,  more 
worthy  of  attention  and  consideration,  or  that  more  directly 
affects  the  general  welfare  of  the  world,  than  does  the  question 
of  gold-mining. 

Gold  is  real  ivealth,  and  the  standard  by  which  all  other 
wealth  is  measured.  Its  production  is  the  creating  of  a  new 
wealth;  not  only  so  far  as  its  intrinsic  value  is  concerned;  but 
it  is  wealth,  that,  when  produced,  is  the  germ  or  means  of 
producing  additional  wealth.  It  is  different  in  its  results  from 
that  of  other  productions;  as  it  is  not  eaten,  drank,  worn  out, 
or  destroyed;  its  influence  and  its  motion  is  perpetual. 

Gold  is  the  life-blood  of  all  trade  and  commerce;  of  manu- 
factures, arts,  sciences,  and  learning;  its  possession  is  the' 
chief  aim  and  consideration,  of  all  countries  and  civilized  peo- 
ple; it  is  the  standard  stock,  or  working  capital  of  the  ivorld. 
It  is  magical,  as  well  as  real,  in  its  influence.  The  producer,  or 
possessor,  of  any  given  quantity  of  gold,  can  utilize  it  more 
readily,  and  to  better  advantage,  than  can  the  possessor  of  any 
other  kind  of  property  of  a  relatively  computed  value. 

Gold  and  Silver,  being  the  precious  metals,  adopted  for 
coinage;  or,  as  a  medium  for  regulating  the  value  of  other 
commodities,  become  the  axis  on  which  revolves  the  trade, 
commerce,  and  general  business;  as  well  as  the  pleasures  and 
necessities  of  every  day  life;  therefore,  it  is  of  the  utmost 
importance  to  all,  that  their  production,  results,  and  require- 

2 


10  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

ments,  should  be  made  subjects  for  consideration  nnd  discus- 
sion, morte  than  has  hitherto  been  done. 

Before  the  gold-mining  era,  the  supply  of  gold  for  coinage 
was  not  in  proportion  to  the  requirements  of  trade,  which  had 
been  so  rapidly  extending;  therefore,  the  gold  discoveries  seem 
to  have  been  a  most  fortunate,  if  not  a  providential  circum- 
stance, to  relieve  the  general  depression  then  existing,  by 
opening  up  new  countries  for  settlement,  and  avenues  of  wealth 
for  the  benefit  of  a  large  portion  of  the  civilized  race.  It  is, 
I  am  aware,  a  generally  accepted  belief,  that  the  production 
of  gold  is  of  no  more  value,  or  importance  to  the  State,  or 
general  good  of  the  community,  than  the  production  of  any 
other  article  of  commercial  value:  such  as  food,  drink,  cloth- 
ing, etc.  I  hold  a  different  opinion,  and  contend  that  the 
production  of  any  given  quantity  of  gold,  is  of  more  direct, 
immediate,  and  permanent  benefit,  than  that  of  any  other  speci- 
fied article  of  supposed  equal  value.  The  production  of  every 
ounce  of  gold  is  the  means  of  putting  four  additional  sovereigns 
into  circulation,  which  are  at  once  available  for  their  posses- 
sors to  utilize. 

Gold  mining,  or  the  production  of  gold  and  silver,  is  not  only 
the  means  of  creating  a  previously  unknown  wealth  or  pur- 
chasing power,  but  the  nature  of  its  operations  is  such,  that 
it  affords  more  means  of  employment,  uses  up  more  material 
and  appliances,  than  any  other  labor;  thereby  opening  new 
channels  of  industry,  that  would  not  otherwise  be  called  into 
existence;  and  di-seminates  its  influence  over  a  wider  range, 
and  amongst  a  greater  number  of  people,  than  can  possibly  be 
done  by  the  production  of  any  other  article  of  use,  trade,  or 
commerce. 

There  is  a  great  deal  said  about  losses  in  mining;  but  the 
chief  losses  are  in  gambling,  speculation,  or  in  misdirected 
labor.  The  operations  of  one  successful  mining  company,  will 
create  a  greater  demand  for  labor,  and  disseminate  more  wealth 
through  the  community,  than  a  whole  country  of  squatters. 
Gold  and  Silver  Mining,  i  consider  one  of  the  most  honorable, 
legitimate,  and  honest  occupations  that  man  can  follow. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  11 


GEOLOGICAL  NOTES, 


Prof.  Le  Conte  in  his  Geology  says  of  mountain  chains  and 
mineral  veins: 

Mountain  Chains — Their  Structure  and  Origin. 

Mountains  are  the  glory  of  our  earth,  the  culminating 
points  of  scenic  beauty  and  grandeur.  They  are  so  because 
they  are  also  the  culminating  points,  the  theaters  of  the 
greatest  activity  of  all  geological  agencies.  The  study  of 
mountain  chains,  therefore,  must  ever  be  of  absorbing 
interest,  not  only  to  the  painter  and  the  poet,  but  also  to  the 
geologist.  A  thorough  knowledge  of  their  structure,  origin, 
and  mode  of  formation,  would  undoubtedly  furnish  a  key  to 
the  solution  of  many  problems  which  now  puzzle  us;  but 
their  structure  is  as  yet  little  known,,  and  their  origin 
still  less  so. 

MOUNTAIN    ORIGIN. 

The  general  cause  of  mountain  chains  (as  in  fact  of  all 
igneous  phenomena)  is  the  "reaction  of  the  earth's  hot  in- 
terior upon  its  cooler  crust."  ,  Mountain  chains  seem  to  be 
produced  by  the  secular  cooling,  and,  therefore,  contraction 
of  the  earth,  greater  in  the  interior  than  the  exterior;  in  con- 
sequence of  which  the  face  of  the  old  earth  is  become  wrinkled. 
Or,  to  express  it  a  little  more  fully,  by  the  greater  interior 
contraction,  the  exterior  crust  is  subjected  to  enormous  lateral 
pressure,  which  crushes  it  altogether,  and  swells  it  upward 


12  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


along  certain  lines,  the  strata,  by  the  pressure,  being  at  the 
same  time  thrown  into  more  or  less  complex  foldings.  These 
lines  of  upswelled  and  folded  strata  are  mountain  chains. 
The  first  grand  forms  thus  produced  are  afterward  chiseled 
down  and  sculptured  to  their  present  diversified  condition  by 
means  of  aqueous  agency.  Thus  much  it  was  necessary  to 
say  of  the  origin  of  chains,  in  order  to  make  the  account  of 
their  structure  intelligible. 

GENERAL  FORM  AND  HOW  PRODUCED. 

A  mountain  chain  consists  of  a  great  plateau  or  bulge  of 
the  earth's  surface,  often  hundreds  of  miles  wide  and  thou- 
sands of  miles  long.  This  plateau  or  bulge,  which  is  the 
chain,  is  usually  more  or  less  distinctly  divided  by  great  lon- 
gitudinal valleys  into  parallel  ranges;  and  these  ranges  are 
again  often  separated  into  ridges  by  smaller  longitudinal  val- 
leys; and  these  ridges  again  serrated  along  their  crests,  or 
divided  into  peaks  by  transverse  valleys. 

Thus  the  Appalachian  Chain  is  a  great  plateau  or  bulge, 
100  miles  wide,  1,000  miles  long,  and  3,000  feet  high.  It  is 
divided  into  three  ranges,  the  Blue,  the  Allegheny,  and  the 
Cumberland,  separated  by  great  valleys,  such  as  the  Valley  of 
Virginia  and  the  Valley  of  East  Tennessee.  These  ranges  are 
again,  in  some  places,  quite  distinctly  divided  into  parallel 
ridges,  which  are  serrated  into  peaks.  The  American  Cordil- 
leras consist  of  an  enormous  bulge  rnnning  continuously 
through  the  whole  of  South  and  North  America,  nearly  10,- 

000  miles  long,  and  from  500  to  1,000  mites  wide.    This  great 
chain  is  divided  into  parallel  ranges.   In  North  America  there 
are  at  least  three  of  these  very  conspicuous;  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tain,  the  Sierra  Nevada,   and  the  Coast  Eange,  separated  by 
the  Great  Salt  Lake  Valley,  and  the  Valley  of   Central   Cali- 
fornia, respectively.      Each  of  these  ranges  is  separated  more 

01  less  perfectly  into  ridges  and  peaks,  as  already  explained. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  13 

These  terms,  chain,  range,  and  ridge,  are  often  used  inter- 
changeably. I  have  attempted  to  give  a  more  definite  meaning. 

Chains  are  evidently  always  produced  solely  by  the  bulging 
of  the  crust  by  lateral  pressure.  Ranges  are  usually  produced 
in  a  similar  manner,  i.  e.,  by  greater  crushing  together,  and, 
therefore,  greater  bulging  along  parallel  lines,  within  the 
wid-er  bulge;  this  is  the  mode  of  formation  of  the  ranges  of 
the  North  American  Cordilleras.  In  such  cases,  they  have 
been  probably  consecutively  formed.  The  ranges  of  the  Appa- 
lachian Chain,  however,  have  been  formed  almost  entirely  -by 
erosion.  The  ridges  and  intervening  longitudinal  valleys  are 
usually,  and  the  peaks,  with  their  intervening  transverse  val- 
leys, are  always,  produced  by  erosion. 

Such  is  the  simplest  ideal  of  the  form  of  a  mountain  chain; 
but  in  most  cases  this  ideal  is  far  from  realized.  In  many 
cases  the  chain  is  a  great  plateau,  composed  of  an  inextricable 
tangle  of  ridges  and  valleys  of  erosion,  running  in  all  direc- 
tions. In  all  cases,  however,  the  erosion  has  been  immense. 
Mountain  chains  are  the  great  theaters  of  erosion,  as  they  are 
of  igneous  action.  As  a  general  fact,  all  that  we  see,  when 
we  stand  on  a  mountain  chain,  every  peak  and  valley,  every 
ridge  and  canon,  all  that  constitutes  scenery,  is  wholly  due 
to  erosion. 

Mineral   Veins. 

All  rocks,  but  especially  metamorphic  rocks,  in  mountain 
regions,  are  seamed  and  scarred  in  every  direction,  as  if  bro- 
ken and  again  mended,  as  if  wounded  arid  again  healed.  All 
such  seams  and  scars,  of  whatever  nature  and  by  whatever 
process  formed,  are  often  called  by  the  general  name  of  veins. 
It  is  better,  however,  that  dikes  and  so-called  granite  veins, 
or  all  cases  of  fissures,  filled  at  the  moment  of  formation  by 
igneous  injection,  should  be  separated  from  the  category  of 
veins.  True  veins,  then,  are  accumulations,  mostly  in  fissures, 
of  certain  mineral  matters  usually  in  a  purer  and  more  sparry 


14  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

form  than  they  exist  in  the  rocks.     The  accumulation  has,  in 
all  cases,  taken  place  slowly. 

KINDS. 

Thus  limited,  veins  are  of  three  kinds:  Veins  of  Segrega- 
tion, Veins  of  Infiltration,  and  Great  Fissure  Veins.  These 
three,  however,  graduate  into  each  other  in  such  wise  that*  it 
is  often  difficult  to  determine  to  which  we  must  refer  any 
particular  case. 

Veins  of  Segregation — In  these  the  vein  matter  does  not 
differ  greatly  from  the  inclosing  rock.  Such  are  the  irregular 
lines  of  granite  in  granite,  the  lines  differing  from  the  inclos- 
ing rock  only  in  color  or  texture;  also  irregular  veins  of  feld- 
spar in  granite  or  in  gueiss.  Under  the  same  head  belong 
also  the  irregular  streaks,  clouds,  and  blotches,  so  common  in 
marble.  In  these  cases  there  seems  to  be  no  distinct  line  of 
separation  between  the  vein  and  the  inclosing  rock — no  dis- 
tinct wall  to  the  vein.  The  reason  is,  these  veins  are  not  formed 
by  the  filling  of  a  previously  existing  fissure,  but  by  the  segre- 
gation of  certain  materials,  in  certain  spots,  and  along  certain 
lines,  from  the  general  mass  of  the  rock,  either  when  the  lat- 
ter was  in  plastic  condition  from  heat  and  water,  or  else  by 
means  of  percolating  water,  somewhat  as  concretions  of  lime, 
clay,  iron-ore,  and  flint  are  formed  in  the  strata. 

Veins  of  Infiltration — Metamorphic  rocks  have,  probably 
in  all  cases,  been  subjected  to  powerful  horizontal  pressure. 
Besides  the  wide  folds  into  which  such  rocks  are  thus  thrown, 
and  the  great  fissures  thus  produced,  the  strata  are  often  bro- 
ken into  small  pieces  by  means  of  the  squeezing  and  crushing. 
The  small  fissures  thus  produced  are  often  filled  by  lateral 
secretion  from  the  walls,  or  else  by  slowly  percolating  waters, 
holding  in  solution  the  more  soluble  matters  contained  in  the 
rocks.  The  process  is  similar  to  the  filling  of  cavities  left  by 
imbedded  organisms,  and  still  more  to  the  filling  of  air-belbs 
in  traps  and  lavas,  and  the  formation  of  agates  and  carnelian 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  15 

amygdules.  In  veins  of  this  kind,  therefore,  a  beautiful 
ribbon  structure  is  often  produced  by  the  successive  "deposition 
of  different  colored  materials  on  the  walls  of  the  fissure. 
Veins  of  this  kind  also,  since  they  are  the  filling  of  a  pre- 
viously existing  fissure,  have  distinct  walls.  The  filling  con- 
sists most  commonly  of  silica  or  of  carbonate  of  lime. 

Fissure  Veins — These  are  fillings  of  the  great  fissures,  pro- 
duced by  movements  of  the  earth's  crust.  When  these  fissures 
are  filled  at  the  time  of  formation,  by  igneous  injection,  they 
are  called  dikes;  but  if  subsequently  with  mineral  matters, 
by  a  different  process,  they  are  fissure  veins.  Those  veins, 
therefore,  like  dikes,  out-crop  over  the  surface  of  the  country 
often  for  many  miles,  fifty  or  more.  Like  dikes,  also,  they 
are  often  many  yards  in  width,  and  extend  to  unknown,  but 
certaintly  very  great,  depths.  Like  dikes  and  fissures,  also, 
they  occur  in  parallel  systems. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  17 


COLORADO. 


The  Silver  Queen  of  the  Rockies— Her  Mineral  Wealth, 
Health-Giving-  Spring's,  Grand  Scenery,  ami  Agri- 
cultural Possibilities — A  Land*  of  Enchantment  for 
the  Miner,  Tourist,  Invalid,  and  Settler — The  Rocky 
Range,  the  Vast  Treasure  Vault  of  the  World — Colo- 
rado's Production  of  Gold,  Silver,  Copper,  and  Lead, 
to  January  1st,  1883,  $17O,OOO,OOO. 

During  the  year  1882,  from  August  1st  to  October  1st,  there 
was  held  in  the  City  of  Denver,  a  great  National  Mining  and 
Industrial  Exposition;  where  all  the  States  and  Territories  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  made  a  display  of  their  resources.  The 
inaugural  address  was  delivered,  in  the  presence  of  assem- 
bled thousands,  by  the  Honorable  William  D.  Kelley,  of  Penn- 
sylvania, whose  opening  words  were: 

"The  splendors  of  Palmyra  of  the  Desert  pale  before  a  recital 
of  the  brief  history  of  Colorado.  Ten  years  ago  I  spent  some 
weeks  in  traversing  your  beautiful  State,  and  became  familiar 
with  every  thing  of  note  in  Denver,  its  metropolis;  and  as, 
yesterday  morning,  I  looked  abroad  upon  the  city  again,  I  felt 
that  I  could  not  safely  trust  my  own  senses.  I  wondered 
whether  I  was  not  under  the  dominion  of  Magi,  and  if 
fairies  and  genii  were  playing  tricks  with  my  vision.  History 
may  be  challenged,  and  be  challenged  in  vain,  for  a  parallel  to 
the  progress  made  by  this  city  in  this  brief  period,  in  wealth, 
in  arts,  in  all  the  elements  of  modern  and  advancing  civiliza- 
tion. Standing  here,  on  the  western  borders  of  what  was 


18  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.    ' 

called,  but  a  few  years  ago,  the  desert  plain,  and  in  the 
shadow  of 

THE   ROCKY   MOUNTAINS, 

with  an  elevation  of  more  than  5,000  feet  above  the  sea,  we 
mark,  in  the  opening  of  this  Exhibition,  the  entrance  upon 
a  new  era  in  history,  more  brilliant  than  any  of  its  pre- 
decessors; more  benificeut,  inasmuch  as  it  will  open  the 
blessings  of  civilization  to  portions  of  the  people  who  have 
hitherto  failed  to  receive  them.  In  the  new  era,  the  benefi- 
cence of  Providence  will  be  illustrated  more  largely  than 
ever  before;  and  Man  will  assert  his  dominion  over  Nature 
as  he  has  never  done.  The  telegraph,  the  telephone,  the 
various  applications  of  electricityy  is  each  in  itself  a  marvel. 
They  were  concealed  from  human  vision  till  within  the  later 
life  of  a  living  generation.  Wondrous  as  they  are,  mar- 
velous as  has  been  their  influence  upon  our  social  and  indus- 
trial life,  they  are  not  the  final  discoveries  and  achievements 
of  man.  Other  scenes  will  come  to  us,  and  the  uses  of 
science  will  greatly  extend  our  domain,  by  processes  as  yet 
undreamed  of.  And  they  will  be  applied  to  the  development 
of  the  wealth  and  social  life,  in  this  region,  and  throughout 
the  mountains.  These  mountains  are  magazines  of  mineral 
wealth,  inexhaustible;  and  they  are  not  to  be  handled  in  the 
future  by  the  wasteful  processes  of  the  past." 

In  the  words  of  an  eloquent  writer:  "The  glorious  Centennial 
State  may  be  said  in  a  general  way  to  possess  greater  attractions 
to  the  miner,  tourist,  and  health-seeker,  than  any  other  portion 
of  the  Union.  Mineral  springs  in  the  midst  of  beautiful  parks, 
pure  air,  and  bright  sparkling  streams  of  clearest  water;  stately 
mountains,  delightful  mesas,  gorgeous  sunsets,  marvelous  geo- 
logical forms;  deep  and  awe-inspiring  canons,  rugged  gulches, 
romantic  glens,  beautiful  waterfalls,  inviting  woodlands,  and 
snow-capped  peaks,  afford  an  endless  variety  of  glorious  sum- 
mer retreats  for  the  pleasure-seekers  who  delight  in  natural 
scenery;  to  say  nothing  of  the  opportunities  for  investigation 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  19 

to  t-he  student,  and  the  incomparable  hunting  grounds  and 
trout  streams  for  the  sportsman.  To  the  miner  it  is  a  land  of 
enchantment,  where  the  precious  metals  hide  in  protean  forms; 
and  where  treasures,  richer  than  any  yet  discovered,  await  only 
the  blow  of  the  pick  and  the  explosion  of  the  giant  powder  to 
roll  at  the  Nation's  feet." 

Gold  and  silver  are  sometimes  found  in  a  pure  state,  but 
they  are  commonly  combined  with  other  metals;  as  copper, 
lead,  iron,  zinc,  bismuth,  antimony,  etc.  The  ores  may  be 
green  as  chlorides,  black  as  sulphurets,  red  as  ruby,  glittering 
and  brilliant,  or  dull  and  lustcrless.  To  the  eye  of  the  miner 
they  are  all  beautiful,  ami  he  delves  for  them  with  a  courage 
that  nothing  can  conquer,  and  with  a  reward  equal  to  nature's 
inexhaustible  wealth. 

ITS   VAST   AREA. 

Colorado  lies  between  the  37th  and  41st  parallel  of  latitude, 
and  the  25th  and  32nd  meridians  of  longitude,  west  of  Wash- 
ington, and  is  equal  in  extent  to  twenty-six  States  like  Con- 
necticut, fifty-two  Dela  wares,  or  one  hundred  Rhode  Islands. 
It  has  an  area  nearly  equal  to  twice  that  of  the  New  England 
States.  Gunnison  county,  alone,  is  greater  in  extent  than  the 
combined  areas  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island.  Colorado 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Wyoming  and  Nebraska;  east,  by 
Nebraska  and  Kansas;  south,  by  the  Indian  Territory  and  New 
Mexico;  and  west,  by  Utah.  It  has  an  area  of  104,500  square 
miles,  and  extends  from  east  to  west  380,  and  from  north  to 
south  275  miles,  containing  66,880,000  acres  of  land;  with  a 
population,  according  to  the  census  of  1880,  of  195,234,  but 
at  the  present  time  fully  280,000  people.  The  name  is  sup- 
posed to  be  derived  from  its  many  colored  rocks  and  flowers, 
and  means  ruddy  or  florid.  The  eastern  portion  of  the  State 
contains  about  45,500  square  miles  of  plains;  the  central  part, 
32,000  square  miles  of  mountains;  and  the  western  part,  27,000 
square  miles  of  plateaus.  The  total  width  of  the  mountains 
in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  is  seventy-five  miles;  in  the 


20  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

2 

central  part,  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles;  and  in  the  southern 
portion,  one  hundred  and  eighty  miles.  The  mean  elevation  of 
the  State  above  tide  water  is  about  7,000  feet;  being,  according 
to  Hayden,  the  highest  in  the  entire  Rocky  Mountain 
range.  The  lowest  portion  is  at  the  eastern  border,  where 
the  elevation  is  only  3,000  feet.  Its  highest  peak,  Sierra 
Blanche,  is  14,464,  while  over  fifty  peaks  beside  it  rise  to  an 
elevation  of  over  14,000  feet  aboye  the  sea.  The  average  ele- 
vation of  the  plains  is  about  5,000  feet.  The  eastern  slopes 
and  plains  are  drained  by  the  South  Platte,  Arkansas  and  Re- 
publican rivers;  while  the  western  slopes  send  their  waters 
into  the  Pacific  through  the  Grand,  G-unnison,  Bear,  White, 
Eagle,  Tomichi  and  Rio  Dolores  rivers,  with  their  hundred 
tributaries.  The  foot-hills  have  an  average  elevation  of,  8,000 
feet;  while  timber  grows  up  to  between  11,000  and  12,000 
feet  above  the  sea. 

In  the  mountain  region  are  many  noble  parks,  which  are  the 
beds  of  ancient  lakes.  The  most  northerly  of  these  is  the  great 
North  Park,  having  an  area  of  2, 5QO  square  miles,  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  9,000  feet.  Just  south  is  the  still  larger  Middle  Park, 
whose  area  is  3,000  square  miles,  and  its  elevation  8,500  feet; 
while  southeast  is  the  South  Park,  with  an  area  of  2,200  square 
miles,  and  an  elevation  of  9,500  feet;  and  near  the  extreme 
southern  border  is  the  San  Luis  Park,  with  its  8,000  square 
miles,  at  an  elevation  of  7,000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  great 
ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  sweep  down  through  the  very 
center  of  Colorado,  in  almost  a  due  north  and  south  course; 
and  their  spurs  are  thrown  out  to  every  point  of  the  compass 
n  bewildering  grandeur. 

THE    MINERAL   BELT 

runs  through  the  mountains  in  nearly  a  northeast  and  south- 
west course,  and  varies  in  width  from  fifty  to  one  hundred 
miles.  The  mining  camps  of  this  rich  region  are  found  at  an 
alevation  of  about  10,000  feet,  and  the  mines  are  located  from 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  21 

10,000  to  12,000  feet  above  the  sea;  most  of  them  being  below 
the  timber  line,  though  some  are  above  it.  Previous  to  1859, 
what  is  now  Colorado  was  regarded  as  a  weird  waste  of  plains 
and  mountains,  but  in  the  month  of  May  of  that  year  gold  was 
discovered  near  Pike's  Peak,  and  its  magic  power  sent  a 
tumultuous  throng  of  hardy  men  across  the  plains  in  search 
of  fortunes.  The  rush  continued,  gold  having  been  discov- 
ered in  many  other  places,  notably  on  Cherry  Creek,  near 
Denver;  and  on  Clear  Creek,  at  the  present  mining  towns  of 
Central  City  and  Black  Hawk;  so  that,  by  the  summer  of  1860, 
the  population  of  the  new  mining  camps  numbered  several 
thousand.  At  that  time  gold  alone  was  being  searched  for, 
and  men  stumbled  every  day  over  rich  silver  ores,  count- 
ing them  as  worthless,  because,  perchance,  tho  wiseacres  had 
said  there  were  no  silver  ores  in  the  Territory;  nor  was  it 
until  1864  that  some  of  the  so  called  "worthless  ore,"  named 
"Seaton  gold,"  after  the  man  who  had  discovered  it,  and  which 
was  of  a  white  color,  was  first  pronounced  to  be  silver.  From 
that  date  up  to  the  important  discoveries  at  Leadville  in  1878, 
and  thence  on  to  the  present  hour,  the  history  of  silver  mining 
in  Colorado  has  been  a  series  of  wonderful  surprises,  until  to- 
day she  is  the  largest  producer  of  the  precious  metals  of  any 
similar  area  on  the  globe. 

PROVINCE    OF   LOUISIANA. 

Colorado  is  a  portion  of  that  great  territorial  acquisition 
secured  by  President  Jefferson,  from  France,  during  the  reign 
of  the  first  Napoleon,  and  which  purchase,  under  "the  Treaty 
of  Paris,"  was  known  as  the  Province  of  Louisiana.  The  lan- 
guage of  the  treaty,  on  boundaries,  was  as  follows: 

"  The  boundary  line,  between  the  two  countries  west  of  the 
Mississippi,  shall  begin  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,eat  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Sabine,  in  the  sea;  continuing  north  along  the  west- 
ern bank  of  that  river  to  the  32d  degree  of  latitude,  where  it 
strikes  the  Rio  Roxo,  or  Nachitoches,  or  Red  River;  then  fol- 


22  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

lowing  the  course  of  the  Rio  Roxo  westward  to  the  degree  of 
longitude  100  west  from  London,  and  23  from  Washington; 
then  crossing  the  said  Red  River,  and  running  thence  by  a  line 
due  north,  to  the  river  Arkansas;  thence  following  the  course 
of  the  southern  bank  of  the  Arkansas  to  its  source,  in  latitude 
42  north;  thence  by  that  parallel  of  latitude  to  the  sea.  The 
whole  being  as  laid  down  in  Melish's  map  of  the  United  States, 
published  at  Philadelphia.  But  if  the  source  of  the  Arkansas 
River  shall  be  found  to  fall  north  or  south  of  latitude  42,  then 
the  line  shall  run  from  the  said  source,  due  south  or  north,  as 
the  case  may  be,  till  it  meets  the  said  parallel  of  latitude  42; 
and  thence  along  the  said  parallel  to  the  South  Sea." 

This  was  the  southern  boundary  line  of  an  immense  terri- 
tory, whose  eastern  boundary  was  the  Mississippi  River  from 
its  mouth  to  its  source;  or  to  the  British  possessions  on 
the  north;  and  included  what  is  now  Louisiana,  Arkansas, 
Indian  Territory,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Minne- 
sota, Dakota,  Wyoming,  Montana,  Idaho,  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington Territory,  and  a  large  portion  of  Colorado.  This  Ter- 
ritory contained  over  one  million  of  square  miles,  and  for 
which  we  paid  $11,250,000,  or  about  two  cents  per  acre.  By 
our  war  with  Mexico,  in  1848,  we  acquired  from  the  territory 
of  "New  Spain,"  the  whole  of  Texas,  New  Mexico,  Arizona, 
Utah,  California,  Nevada,  also  parts  of  Wyoming  and  the  In- 
dian Territory,  with  about  two-thirds  of  Colorado.  The  price 
paid  to  Mexico,  for  the  lands  we  took  from  her,  was  $15,000,000; 
and,  in  addition,  we  assumed  $3,500,000  of  debts  due  to  Ameri- 
can citizens  from  the  Mexican  government.  The  total  cost, 
then,  to  the  United  States,  of  all  the  territory  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  from  Mexico  to  the 
British  possessions,  was  $29,250,000,  which  amount  Colorado, 
alone,  will  produce  this  year  in  precious  metals;  while  the  pro- 
duction of  gold  end  silver,  for  1882,  from  the  territory  thus 
acquired,  amounted  to  nearly  $100,000,000.  The  resources  of 
the  Rockies  are  but  just  beginning  to  be  known.  They  are 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  23 


THE  VAST  TREASURE  VAULTS 

of  the  world.  Their  veins  of  gold,  and  of  .silver,  rib  their 
mountains.  Their  vast  deposits  of  iron  are  like  the  frame- 
work of  their  system.  Their  immense  beds  of  coal  are  sufficient 
to  fire  forever  the  hearth  of  the  continent.  Their  mines  of  lead 
will  pour  forth  their  molten  stream  through  time.  Their 
mighty  areas  of  copper  are  sufficient  to  band  the  world.  Their 
mountains,  and  mines,  of  salt  and  sulphur,  are  large  enough  to 
salt  the  seas,  or  to  stifle  with  their  fumes  the  inhabitants  of  a 
globe.  Their  numerous  mineral  springs  burst  forth  from  their 
mountain  sides  with  healing;  while  their  vast  herds  of  cattle, 
sheep,  and  horses  roam  their  plains  and  fatten  in  their  valleys. 
The  resources  of  this  vast  realm,  an  empire  in  its  proportions, 
are  equal  to  the  needs  of  a  continent  like  this,  which  is  des- 
tined to  support  five  hundred  millions  of  people.  The  first 
discoveries  have  been  made  here  and  there,  in  limited  measure, 
of  wealth,  which  will  be  equal  to  the  demands  of  what  shall 
be  the  greatest  nation  in  the  history  of  time. 

Colorado  was  organized  into  a  Territory  in  1861,  being  struck 
off  from  Kansas.  It  was  created  a  State  by  an  act  of  Congress 
August  1,  1876.  It  is  divided  into  thirty-one  counties,  and 
its  principal  cities  and  towns  are:  Denver,  Golden,  George- 
town, Boulder,  Black  Hawk,  Central  City,  Evans,  Fort  Col- 
lins, G-reeley,  Colorado  Springs,  Pueblo,  Canon  City,  Buena 
Vista,  Leadville,  Fairplay,  Breekenridge,  Pitkin,  G-unnison 
City,  Lake  City,  Saguache,  Silverton,  Ouray,  Animas  City. 
Durango,  DelNorte,  Conejos,  San  Luis,  Trinidad,  and  Rosita. 

Denver  is  not  only  the  Capital  of  the  State,  but  its  financial 
and  commercial  center,  and  is  appropriately  styled 

THE   QUEEN    CITY  OF   THE    PLAINS. 

It  is  beautifully  located,  upon  a  plain,  near  the  eastern  base 
of  the  great  range  of  the  Eockies,  commanding  a  view  of  their 
snow-capped  summits,  from  north  to  south,  for  full  three  hun- 
dred miles.  It  has  a  population  of  70,000,  against  35,718  in 


24  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


1880,  and  only  4,759  in  1870.  No  city  in  the  United  States  is 
making  more  rapid  strides,  in  all  that  pertains  to  a  great 
metropolis;  nor  has  any  a  more  brilliant  future,  than  Denver. 
It  is  a  great  railway  center,  and  will  soon  become  one  of  the 
chief  manufacturing  centers  of  the  country.  Her  trade,  for 
1882,  amounted  to  more  than  $75,000,000.  She  has  a  seaport 
at  Galveston,  Texas,  with  which  she  is  connected  by  a  few 
hundred  miles  of  rails.  Her  citizens  are  intelligent  and  ener- 
getic; and  grand  hotels,  imposing  opera  houses,  and  picturesque 
boulevards,  give  evidence  of  both  wealth  and  luxury.  Her 
stately  homes  and  business  blocks,  indicate  her  prosperity. 
Magnificent  churches  and  fine  school  buildings,  show  culture 
and  refinement.  Her  water,  gas,  telephone,  and  electric  light 
systems  are  as  complete  as  those  of  older  cities.  She  has  miles 
of  beautiful  streets,  at  whose  sides  are  streams  of  clear  water 
overshadowed  by  stately  trees.  Five  large  daily  paper-,  and  a 
dozen  weeklies,  find  substantial  support  from  the  empire,  of 
which  Denver  is  the  center.  The  atmosphere  is  bracing  and 
clear,  as  the  city  has  an  altitude  of  5,600  feet  above  the  sea. 
Its  advantages  are  so  numerous,  and  healthfulness  so  great, 
that  another  decade  will  doubtless  find  Denver  with  a  popula- 
tion of  200,000. 

GUNNISON  CITY 

is  situated  upon  a  broad  plain,  at  the  junction  of  the  Tomichi 
and  Gunnison  rivers,  forty  miles  west  of  the  great  Conti- 
nental Divide;  and  is,  therefore,  upon  the  Pacific  slope  of 
Colorado.  All  the  western  half  of  the  State,  by  rail  and 
natural  communication,  is  tributary  to  it.  In  the  immediate 
vicinity,  extending  in  a  semi-circle  from  northwest  to  south- 
east, at  a  distance  of  only  thirty  miles,  are  located  all  the 
rich  mining  camps  of  Gunnison  County;  i.  e.,  Ruby,  Rock 
Creek,  Gothic,  Aspen,  Ashcroft,  Tin  Cup,  Pitkin,  White 
Pine,  Tomichi,  and  the  mines  of  Cochetopa,  While  within 
the  same  radius  are  the  inexhaustible  bituminous  coal  fields  of 
Crested  Butte,  Ohio  Creek,  and  Mt.  Carbon;  and  the  wonder- 


Scene  Near  Guimison  City. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  25 

fnl  anthracite  coal  fields  of  Slate  River,  and  Anthracite 
Creek.  Within  the  same  radius  are  the  rich  iron  deposits  of 
White  Earth  Valley;  those  of  the  Iron  Swamp,  on  Coal  Creek, 
and  of  the  broad  ledges  at  White  Pine.  Limestone  of  supe- 
rior quality  is  found  on  the  Cochetopa,  and  marble  of  various 
shades  on  Rock  Creek.  Surrounded  by  this  world  of  mineral 
wealth,  all  of  which  is  directly  tributary,  Gunnison  City  has 
a  grand  future.  With  four  log  houses,  as  a  starting  point, 
four  years  ago,  the  city  now  contains  5,000  intelligent  and 
energetic  people.  They  have  fine  water  and  gas  works,  a  com- 
plete telephone  system,  comfortable  hotels,  enterprising  news- 
papers, and  substantial  banks.  The  mountains,  which  loom 
up  grandly,  a  few  miles  distant,  are  clothed  with  timber,  where 
numerous  saw  mills  make  lumber  cheap. 

Two  lines  of  railway,  with  several  branches,  center  here;  and 
within  sixty  days  a  through  line  will  be  completed  to  Salt 
Lake  City.  One  smelter  is  in  operation,  and  English  capital 
is  now  about  to  erect  both  smelters  and  iron  mills  in  this 
metropolis  of  western  Colorado. 

CLIMATE. 

The  climate  of  Colorado  has  no  superior  in  that  of  any  State 
or  Territory  in  the  Union.  The  mean  annual  temperature  is 
48°  F.  at  Denver,  and  the  rainfall  15.72  inches.  Colorado  is 
a  land  of  almost  perpetual  sunshine,  while  the  air  is  so  pure 
and  exhilarating  as  to  become  an  elixir  of  life.  In  the  Summer 
season  it  is  a  land  of  flowers,  and  they  blossom  in  its  valleys 
and  cover  its  mountains.  They  grow  in  profusion  up  to  the 
very  borders  of  the  snow,  where  they  may  be  gathered  with  one 
hand  while  collecting  snow  with  the  other.  Colorado  has  a 
host  of  mineral  springs,  and  these  consist  of  hot  sulphur  and 
soda,  cold  soda,  seltzer,  iron  and  chalybeate .  The  most  noted 
summer  resorts  are,  at  Idaho  and  Manitou  Springs.  The  former 
is  located  in  the  valley  of  South  Clear  Creek,  thirty-four  miles 
from  Denver,  at  an  elevation  of  7,800.  There  are  eight  Soda 


26  Resources  of  the  Rocky  fountains. 

Springs  here,  having  a  temperature  from  60  to  110°  F.  Com- 
fortable hotels  and  bathing  houses  furnish  accommodations  for 
visitors.  Manitou  Springs  is  the  Saratoga  of  the  West.  This 
pleasure  resort  is  located  near  the  base  of  Pike's  Peak,  seventy- 
five  miles  from  Denver,  and  six  from  Colorado  Springs,  and  is 
reached  by  rail.  The  prevailing  constituents,  of  the  eight 
springs  here,  are  iron  and  soda.  There  are  hotels  capable  of  ac- 
commodating fifteen  hundred  guests,  and  are  full  during  the 
season.  From  this  point  the  ascent  of  Pike's  Peak  is  made  on 
horseback,  by  a  trail  along  the  mountain  sides  for  twelve  miles. 
Near  at  hand  is  the  famous  Garden  of  the  Gods,  Glen  Eyrie, 
Ute  Pass,  Williams  Canon,  etc.  The  altitude  of  Manitou  is 
6,500  feet,  and  it  is  situated  in  the  midst  of  the  wildest  moun- 
tains and  most  beautiful  glens.  The  healthfulness  of  Colorado 
is  attested  by  the  limited  death  rate,  which,  in  comparison  with 
the  Atlantic  Coast,  is  as  follows:  Atlantic  Coast,  to  every  1,000 
popualation>  21.60;  Colorado,  5.65,  which  includes,  of  course, 
deaths  among  invalids  who  crowd  its  sanitariums.  As  a  sani- 
tarium, the  whole  Rocky  Mountain  region  has  no  equal  in  the 
world.  For  lung  diseases,  asthma,  and  malaria,  its  pure  air  is 
a  sure  cure. 

AGRICULTURE. 

Colorado  has  5,000,000  acres  of  agricultural  land.  This  lies 
in  the  valleys  of  its  rivers,  and  north,  south  and  east  of  Denver. 
It  requires  irrigation;  and  for  this  purpose,  numerous  canal 
companies  have  been  organized,  and  water  brought  down  from 
the  mountain  streams  for  distribution — the  rates  per  acre 
ranging  from  60  cents  to  $2.20.  The  Government  made  an 
appropriation,  last  winter,  of  $20,000  for  the  purpose  of  sinking 
two  artesian  wells  in  the  great  plains  east  of  Denver;  and  work 
on  them  is  being  prosecuted.  Under  the  system  of  irrigation 
crops  are  certain;  and  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  etc.,  are  grown 
of  very  superior  quality.  At  Fort  Collins  is  located  the  State 
Agricultural  College,  where  experiments  have  been  made  with 
cereals  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  especially  wheat;  and  the 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  27 


result,  as  displayed  at  the  Denver  Exposition,  proved  that  in 
every  instance  the  wheat  grown  in  Colorado  was  nearly  100 
per  cent,  larger  in  grain,  as  well  as  improved  in  quality.  The 
flour  made  from  this  wheat  is  the  best  known.  Although 
•but  little  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  acres  are  under 
cultivation,  the  State  already  produces  wheat  for  export. 
Fruits  and  vegetables,  of  superior  quality,  are  raised,  while  the 
best  California  fruits  and  grapes  are  shipped  here  in  abundance. 

GRAZING. 

Next  to  mining,  the  chief  interest  in  the  State,  is  the  raising 
of  stock.  All  the  great  plains  lying  east  of  the  Eocky  Range, 
and  extending  from  north  to  south,  and  eastward  to  Kansas, 
are  devoted  to  this  purpose.  The  fine  parks  and  valleys  in  the 
mountains  are  the  homes  of  numerous  herds,  while  the  great 
mesas,  of  the  Western  portion,  are  fast  being  devoted  to  this 
important  and  profitable  business.  The.  number  of  cattle, 
grazing  upon  the  plains  and  valleys  of  Colorado,  at  present,  is 
something  over  500,000;  while  1,250,000  sheep  are  thriving 
upon  its  rich  grasses,  and  there  is  yet  room  for  many  times 
these  numbers. 

FAUNA   AND   FLORA. 

Colorado  is  a  paradise  for  the  sportsman.  Although  but 
few  buffalo  are  to  be  found,  there  are  plenty  of  elk,  bear,  deer, 
mountain  sheep  and  mountain  lion.  The  great  North  and 
Middle  Parks  are  the  home  of  the  elk,  deer  and  antelope;  while 
the  bear,  mountain  sheep  and  lion,  live  among  the  fastnesses  of 
the  rugged  ranges.  Grouse,  sage  hens,  ducks  and  geese, 
abound;  and  squirrels,  otter,  beaver,  mink  and  muskrat  are 
thick  as  leaves  in  Vallombrosa.  All  the  lakes  and  rivers  are 
full  of  splendid  fish,  notably  trout;  which  come  to  perfection 
in  the  clear,  cold,  mountain  streams. 

Colorado  is  well  supplied  with  timber,  chiefly  coniferse, 
which  covers  its  mountain  sides — especially  on  the  Pacific 


28  Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains^ 

slopes.  In  the  valleys  and  over  the  foothills,  grow,  in  pro- 
fusion, the  aspens;  which,  with  their  light  green  and  spirit- 
like  leaves,  form  a  beautiful  contrast  with  the  sombre  shades 
of  the  pines.  These  forests  are  principally  composed  of  white 
and  yellow  pine,  white  and  red  spruce,  hemlock,  several 
varieties  of  cedar,  pinon  pine,  tamarack,  juniper  and  balsam 
flr.  The  white  and  yellow  pine,  and  white  spruce,  are  exten- 
sively used  for  lumber;  and  a  hundred  saw-mills  supply  the 
demand  at  about  $25  per  1,000  feet. 

Wild  fruits  are  abundant,  as  the  wild  red  raspberry,  straw- 
berries and  plumbs,  service,  whortle  and  gooseberries;  cur- 
rants— red,  black  and  yellow;  crab  apples,  wild  pears  and  the 
Oregon  grape;  while  pie  plant  is  plentiful  of  fair  quality. 

PRECIOUS    STONES. 

Colorado  is  rich  in  precious  stones;  among  which  may  be 
named:  opals,  amethyst,  topaz  in  all  colors,  agates,  jasper,  chal- 
cedony, onyx,  carnelian,  garnets,  blood-stone,  jet,  sapphires, 
malachite,  azureite  or  lapis  lazuli,  tourmaline,  beryl,  rock 
crystal  and  sardonyx.  Of  petrified  woods  and  spars,  she  has 
all  the  varieties,  even  to  an  abundance,  of  palm  wood  and 
other  tropical  petrifactions. 

MINERAL   RESOURCES. 

Colorado  has  produced,  up  to  January  1, 1883,  not  less  than 
$170,000,000  in  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead — most  of  which 
was  in  the  precious  metals;  Leadville,  alone,  having  yielded 
$60,000,000  up  to  the  time  named.  According  to  Haydeu, 
two  hundred  and  thirty-three  different  minerals  have  been 
found  in  Colorado;  the  principal  of  which  are  gold,  silver, 
copper,  lead,  iron,  nickel,  bismuth,  quicksilver,  salt,  sulphur, 
gypsum,  asbestos,  zinc,  and  graphite.  Here  are  also  found 
vast  deposits  of  coal,  both  anthracite  and  bituminous;  lime, 
building  stone,  granite,  and  marble;  and  free-stone  in  all  vari- 
eties. There  is  an  abundance  of  wood  and  water,  and  in 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  29 

fact  all  the  elements  necessary  to  the  growth  of  a  great  and 
mighty  Commonwealth.  At  the  National  Mining  Exposition, 
held  in  Denver,  from  August  1st,  to  October  1st,  1882,  the 
minerals  exhibited  from  the  States  and  Territories  of  the 
Rockies  were  truly  marvelous;  and  as,  from  year  to  year,  its 
doors  shall  be  thrown  open  to  the  world,  with  constantly  accu- 
mulating evidence  of  still  vaster  resources,  the  Exposition  will 
be  the  means  of  hastening  a  golden  future  in  the  history  of  this 
Nation. 

The  following  account  of  Colorado's  exhibit  at  the  Exposi- 
tion, which  I  wrote  for  THE  CLEVELAND  LEADER,  will  convey* 
a  more  vivid  idea  of  the  resources  of  this  great  State  than  any 
subsequent  description  can,  and  therefore  I  reproduce  it  here: 

NATIVE  WEALTH  OF  THE  COUNTIES. 

The  following  counties  of  Colorado  are  rich  in  the  minerals 
named  with  each: 

GILPIN   COUNTY. 

This  is  one  of  the  oldest  counties  in  the  State,  and  repre- 
sents eighty  mines  in  their  exhibit,  with  forty  tons  of  ore; 
bein  j;  mostly  gold  bearing,  iron  and  copper  pyrites,  and  silver 
galena — essentially  free  milling  ores.  Their  deepest  mine  is 
down  1,320  feet.  Here  are  found  beautiful  specimens  of  cop- 
per and  iron  pyrites,  zinc  blend,  encrusted  siderite  or  carbonate 
of  iron,  peacock  ore,  and  iridescent  copper  pyrites.  This  county 
lias  produced  $3,000,000  in  silver,  and  $35,500,000  in  gold, 
up  to  1882. 

BOULDER   COUNTY. 

Here  two  hundred  mines  are  represented,  with  fifteen  tons 
of  specimens,  chiefly  of  tellurium  ores,  native  gold  quartz, 
galena,  gray  copper,  and  iron  and  copper  pyrites  carrying  gold. 
This  is  mainly  a  gold  producing  district,  though  they  show 
silver  ores  running  from  $200  to  $7,000  per  ton.  It  was  not 
thought  that  the  tellurium  ores  would  be  found  deep  in  the 


30  Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains. 


earth;  but  specimens  here  exhibited  have  been  taken  from  the 
600  foot  levels,  and  are  as  rich  as  any  produced.  The  deepest 
mines  of  this  county  are  now  down  1,000  feet.  Discoveries 
were  made  here  as  early  as  1859,  but  the  rich  ores  were  not 
found  until  1872,  and  most  of  the  development  has  been  done 
during  the  past  five  years.  They  exhibit  one  nugget  of  native 
silver  weighing  seven  pounds.  From  the  Golden  Age  mine 
comes  the  finest  exhibit  of  gold  quartz  to  be  seen  in  the  Expo- 
sition; out  of  fifty-one  pounds  of  the  ore  $2,600  have  been 
obtained,  while  this  exhibit  of  100  pounds  is  worth  $7,500;  it 
Jiterally  glistens  with  pure  gold.  The  vein  from  which  it  is 
taken  is  ten  feet  wide,  but  the  gold  is  found  in  pockets,  and  is 
not  continuous. 

CLEAR   CREEK   COUNTY 

displays  ores  from  two  hundred  and  fifty  mines,  and  has  twenty- 
five  tons  on  exhibition;  which  contain  gray  copper,  ruby  sil- 
ver, and  argentiferous  galena.  Veins  in  this  county  average 
from  three,  to  fifteen  feet  in  width,  and  produce  some  gold. 
The  ores  are  of  fine  quality,  and  run  from  $50.00  to  $5,000  per 
son.  Most  of  the  discoveries  have  been  made  during  the  pas 
three  years. 

PARK    COUNTY 

has  a  handsome  exhibit  of  mineral  amounting  to  ten  tons,  and 
representing  one  hundred  mines.  These  ores  are  combinations 
of  gold,  silver,  and  copper,  with  some  lead;  and  have  an  assay 
value  from  $100  to  $3,000  per  ton.  The  veins  are  from  five  to 
twenty  feet  wide,  and  are  both  contact  and  fissure.  Sulphur- 
ets,  and  manganese  of  iron  are  found  in  some  of  them.  Como, 
in  this  county,  is  a  region  rich  in  both  coal  and  iron. 

LAKE    COUNTY 

is  the  home  of  Leadville,  and  therefore  of  wonders.  The  ex- 
hibit is  from  twenty  mines,  and  consists  of  twenty-five  tons  of 
ore,  mostly  sand  and  hard  carbonates,  horn  silver  and  galena. 
The  Robert  E.  Lee  mine  shows  a  silver  block  valued  at  $118,500, 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  ^Mountains.  31 

and  which  was  the  product  of  the  mine,  on  one  occasion,  for 
seventeen  and  a  half  hours;  and  a  bet  is  offered  of  $50,000  that 
the  mine  is  now  in  shape  to  fcake  out  $300,000  in  twenty-four 
hours.  So,  Leadville  is  not  quite  exhausted  yet.  The  produc- 
tion of  Leadville,  up  to  the  present  time,  is  officially  given  as 
follows: 

1860  to  1879 $10.400,000 

1879  10,300,000 

1880 14.200  000 

1881 13,200,000 

1882  to  July  1 7,800,000 

Grand  total $55,900,000 

CHAFFEE  COUNTY 

has  on  exhibition  thirty  tons  of  specimens,  representing  three 
hundred  mines;  most  of  which  are  silver  ores,  in  all  the  varie- 
ties which  this  well  known  district  produces.  Here  are  fine 
specimens  of  hard  and  sand  carbonates,  and  galena  ores  rich  in 
silver.  Their  veins  are  from  three  to  eighty  feet  wide,  with 
pay  streaks,  ranging  from  six  inches  to  six  feet — giving  ore  that 
assays  from  $50.00  to  $50,000  per  ton.  This  district  is  just 
over  the  main  range,  from  the  rich  camps  of  Tomichi  and 
White  Pine;  and  is  within  the  famous  mineral  belt  described 
by  Hayden  in  his  report  on  Colorado.  Discoveries  were  made 
here  in  1876,  and  some  of  the  mines  are  now  exceedingly  valu- 
ble;  notably  the  Murphey  mine,  which  is  estimated  to  be  worth 
$7,000,000. 

GUNNISON   COUNTY 

is  represented  by  fifty  tons  of  rich  mineral,  from  the  camps  of 
Ruby,  Gothic,  Rock  Creek,  Pitkin,  Tin  Cup,  White  Pine  and 
Tornichi.  The  ore  is  of  all  varieties — ruby,  wire,  brittle,  and 
native  silver,  sulphurets,  chlorides,  carbonates,  and  argentifer- 
ous galena.  The  veins  in  this  county  are  true  fissures,  varying 
in  width,  from  three  to  one  hundred  feet,  and  showing  ore  that 
assays  from  $50.00  to  $62,000  per  ton;  where,  as  in  many 


32  Resources  q/  the  Eocky  Mountains. 


cases,  gold  is  combined  with  the  silver.  Galena  ores  abound, 
and  the  mineral  is  therefore  mostly  smelting  ore.  The  rich 
native  silver  ores  from  the  Silvanite  mine,  at  Gothic,  and  from 
the  Sleeping  Pet  and  Lewiston  mines  at  Tomichi,  are  conspic- 
uous. The  bonanza  veins,  of  Granite  Mountains,  at  Tomi- 
chi, are  about  to  be  opened  by  the  great  Magna  Charta  Tun- 
nel; while  at  White  Pine,  the  Valhalla  Tunnel  will  cut  the  rich 
veins  of  that  camp.  The  Tomichi  mines  also  exhibit  rich  chlo- 
rides, sulphides  and  arsenical  iron;  while  the  finest  specimen  in 
the  Exposition,  of  galena  ore  covered  with  carbonates,  comes 
from  the  North  Star  mine,  at  White  Pine.  This  mine  has  a  shaft 
115  feet  deep,  all  the  way  in  carbonate  ore.  The  recent  rich 
strikes,  in  these  two  last  named  districts— in  the  Carrie,  of  chlo- 
rides, yielding  $19,000  to  the  ton;  and  in  the  Carbonate  King, 
arid  Lily  mines,  of  large  veins  of  exceedingly  rich  ores — prove 
that  Gunnison  county,  is  not  excelled,  in  mineral,  by  any  similar 
area  in  the  world.  The  Silent  Friend,  at  Pitkin;  and  the  For- 
est Queen,  at  Ruby;  are  also  two  royal  mines.  Smelters  are  in 
operation  at  Gunnison  City,  Tomichi,  and  Ruby,  and  stamp 
mills  at  Pitkin.  The  exhibits,  from  this  county,  of  iron  and 
coal — both  anthacite  and  bituminous — copper,  lirne,  lead, 
marble,  and  building  stone,  in  all  varieties,  excel  any  thing  in 
the  entire  exposition.  There  are  about  five  hundred  mines 
represented  in  the  display  of  this  county  alone. 

PITKIN  COUNTY, 

named  in  honer  of  the  present  Governor  of  Colorado,  is  a  por- 
tion of  territory,  recently  struck  off  from  the  famous  Gunni- 
son co.unty;  and  represents,  with  twenty  tons  of  mineral,  about 
two  hundred  mines.  Ashcrpft,  and  Aspen,  are  the  two  chief 
mining  centers  of  this  rich  region,  and  display  fine  specimens 
of  argentiferous  galena,  chlorides,  carbonates,  native  silver, 
copper  and  gold  ores.  The  veins  are  from  three  to  one  hun- 
dred feet  wide,  yielding  ores  that  run  from  $40.00  to  $40,000 
per  ton.  One  large  smelter  is  now  being  erected  at  Ashcroft, 
and  capital  is  coming  in  from  Chicago  and  New  York.  The 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  33 

first  discoveries  were  made  here  in  1880,  since  which  time,  a 
large  number  of  rich  veins  have  been  found;  and  several  pros- 
pects, have  already  been  sold  for  from  $50,000  to  $100,000 
each. 

FREMONT   COUNTY 

exhibits  specimens  from  forty  mines,  whose  veins  are  from  two 
and  one-half  to  twelve  feet  in  width.  The  silver  ores  of  this 
county  run  high  in  both  copper  and  lead.  Limestone  and 
granite,  suituable  for  building  purposes,  abound  in  this  district, 
the  latter  admitting  of  a  high  polish.  Petroleum  is  also 
found  here,  and  wells  have  been  sunk,  to  a  depth  of  from 
three  hundred  and  fifty,  to  twelve  hundred  feet,  which  are 
producing  a  fine  quality  of  oil,  of  heavier  gravity  than  that  of 
Pennsylvania.  Lime  kilns  are  here  worked  by  the  prisoners 
from  the  penitentiary,  producing  as  much  as  twelve  hundred 
barrels  per  day.  A  fine  quality  of  bituminous  coal  has  been 
discovered  in  this  county,  and  is  very  extensively  worked  by 
the  Canon  City  Coal  Company.  The  vein  is  four  feet  thick, 
and  has  been  located  for  a  distance  of  ten  miles.  Iron  ore  of 
a  superior  quality  for  paint,  fire  clay,  cement,  and  plaster  of 
paris,  are  abundant.  Graphite  has  been  discovered  at  Hidden 
Pass,  and  zinc  blende  at  Cotopaxi.  Nickel  is  here  found  in 
connection  with  silver,  running  as  high  as  twenty-six  per  cent, 
of  pure  metal,  in  the  ore.  The  mineral  veins  in  this  county 
assay  from  $40.00  to  $2,000  per  ton,  but  average  about  $60.00 
for  the  entire  county. 

SUMMIT   COUNTY, 

exhibits  specimens  from  a  hundred  mines.  The  discoveries 
were  made  here  in  1863.  The  ore  is  mostly  galena,  and  gray 
copper,  in  veins  from  three  to  thirty-five  feet  wide.  Deepest 
workings  in  this  county,  up  to  the  present  time,  are  900  feet. 
Ore  assays  from  $75  to  $1,500  per  ton,  averaging  seventy-five 
ounces  silver,  60  per  cent.  lead. 


34  Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains. 


OURAY  COUNTY, 

has  ten  tons  of  ore,  representing  two  hundred  mines.  Here 
are  found  gray  copper,  brittle  silver,  black  sulphurets,  and 
galena  ores,  with  specimens  of  placer  gold.  These  ores  give 
assays  from  $25  to  $3,000  per  ton,  and  mill  runs  of  $200  per 
ton.  The  veins  are  from  5  to  12  feet  in  width,  with  pay  streaks 
from  eight  inches,  to  three  feet.  Their  deepest  mines  are  down 
450  feet.  In  this  county  they  are  beginning  to  work  mines 
by  tunnels,  being  less  expensive  and  more  satisfactory.  They 
have  one  concentrator  at  Ouray,  and  a  Boston  company  is 
building  a  large  smelter  at  Ophir.  Their  ores  were  formerly 
shipped  to  Pueblo.  Ore  has  been  packed  and  freighted  all  the 
way  to  Lake  City,  a  distance  of  on-e  hundred  miles,  ten  miles 
on  the  backs  of  the  small  Mexican  burros,  and  ninety  miles  in 
wagons.  The  Virginius  mine  is  running  a  pack  train  of  fifty 
burros.  The  cost  of  transporting  their  ores  to  mill  is  $40  per 
ton;  but  when  shipments  were  made  to  Pueblo,  it  cost  $100  per 
ton.  The  most  prominent  placer  mine  is  the  San  Miguel,  which 
is  worked  by  the  hydraulic  process.  They  have  not  much  for- 
eign capital,  but  are  sanguine  of  securing  all  they  require, 
when  the  merits  of  their  mines  are  known. 

OUSTER   COUNTY 

makes  a  fine  little  exhibit,  from  fifty-three  mines,  mostly  sil- 
ver, though  they  show  good  copper  and  iron  ores;  and  gold  ores 
that  are  combined  with  silver.  Their  mines  produce  galena, 
gray  copper,  sulphurets,  chlorides  of  silver  and  gold,  zinc 
and  horn  silver.  The  veins,  are  from  one  foot  to  twenty  feet 
wide,  and  assay  from  $30  to  $30,000  per  ton.  From  the  Bassic 
mine  one  specimen  is  shown,  that  will  assay  517  ounces  of  gold 
and  12  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton.  They  exhibit  one  piece  of 
Tellurium  ore  worth  $17  per  pound.  Their  best  copper  ores 
yield  36  per  cent,  copper,  and  their  iron  ores  80  per  cent. 
Discoveries  were  made  in  this  district  ten  years  ago,  and  their 
deepest  workings  are  down  800  feet. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  35 


SAGUACHE   COUNTY 

represents  one  hundred  and  ten  mines,  and  furnishes  ten  tons 
of  ore,  mostly  argentiferous  galena,  carrying  some  gold.  The 
veins  are  from  four  to  three  hundred  feet  in  width,  and  their 
deepest  workings  are  down  220  feet.  The  ore  assays  from  $35 
to  $20,000  per  ton,  and  is  smelting  ore.  Discoveries  were  made 
here  two  years  ago,  and  work  is  progressing  in  the  mines  as 
fast  as  prospectors  can  do  it.  The  ore  lies  in  large  hodies;  the 
pay  streaks  being  from  six  inches,  to  fifty  feet  in  width.  They 
have  not  much  foreign  capital,  though  parties  from  Columbus, 
0.,  are  investing  there.  In  no  instance  do  they  find  pay  min- 
eral at  the  surface;  but  consider  they  have  good  mines  when 
depth  is  gained. 

DOLORES   COUNTY 

represents  with  specimens  fifty  mines,  and  has  ten  tons  of 
mineral  in  the  exhibit.  These  are  carbonates,  sulphurets, 
argentiferous  galena,  and  some  gold  ores,  the  latter  worth  $400 
to  the  ton.  Veins  in  this  county  are  from  twenty  to  forty  feet 
wide,  with  good  sized  pay  streaks;  the  ore  assaying'from  $50 
to  $5,000  per  ton.  They  have  two  smelters,  and  three  amalga- 
mating works,  in  operation.  Their  deepest  mine  is  down  300 
feet.  Discoveries  were  made  here  in  1879,  though  the  principal 
ones  occurred  in  1881-2.  Rico  is  the  center  of  their  mining  dis- 
trict, which  has  a  radius  of  only  about  six  miles.  Capital  is 
coming  in  from  Kansas  City,  Chicago,  and  Kentucky.  They 
also  exhibit  fire  clay,  iron,  lime,  coke,  and  copper.  The  iron 
is  found  in  large  deposits,  both  magnetic  and  bogg  ore,  and 
assays  50  to  70  per  cent,  iron;  while  the  copper  ores  yield  as 
high  as  40  per  cent,  pure  metal. 

SAN   JUAN   COUNTY 

has  on  exhibition  twenty-five  tons  of  specimens,  representing 
one  hundred  and  twenty-five  mines.  These  consist  of  silver, 
galena,  and  gray  copper  ores  containing  bismuth  and  zinc 
with  a  few  gold  ores.  The  ore  from  this  district  mill  runs 


36  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

from  $30  to  $250  per  ton,  and  assays  up  into  the  thousands. 
The  veins  are  from  four  to  two  hundred  feet  wide,  with  pay 
streaks  from  four  inches  to  forty  feet.  Their  deepest  workings 
are  down  800  feet,  though  some  of  the  mines  are  being  worked 
by  tunnels,  which  the  precipitous  mountains  favor.  The  long- 
est of  these  is  in  1,500  feet,  and  has  cut  rich  veins  at  a  depth 
of  1,000  feet.  Capital  is  coming  from  England;  some  exten- 
sive purchases  having  been  made  during  the  present  summer. 
The  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  Railway  is  now  afc  their  mining 
center,  Silver  top,  where  they  have  one  smelter  in  operation. 
The  mines  of  this  county  lie  within  a  radius  of  twenty  miles 
of  Silverton. 

LA    PLATA    COUNTY 

shows  blocks  of  fine  bituminous  coal,  from  a  vein  seventy-five 
feet  wide,  and  from  400  in  depth.  They  exhibit  a  large  mass 
of  gypsum,  from  a  vein  fourteen  feet  wide,  together  with  fire 
clay  and  iron.  Here  are  also  specimens  of  rock  containing 
quicksilver,  from  the  only  mine  in  the  world  where  quicksilver 
is  found  free  from  cinnabar.  In  this  county  timber  of  superior 
quality  grows  in  great  abundance,  namely,  clear  spruce,  cot- 
tonwood,  white  oak,  and  cedar.  Their  chief  resources,  how- 
ever, are  timber,  coal,  iron,  and  good  grazing  land. 

LAS   ANIMAS   COUNTY 

exhibits  a  huge  block  of  coal,  from  a  vein  fifteen  feet  thick, 
taken  from  the  Colorado  Coal  and  Iron  Company  mines  at 
Elmoro.  They  display  most  beautiful  sandstone  for  building 
purposes;  this  comes  from  Trinidad,  also  iron,  coke,  and  tim- 
ber, but  the  exhibit  of  this  county  is  very  light,  and  neither 
silver  or  gold  ores  are  to  be  found  in  it. 

HINSDADLE  COUNTY 

with  twenty  tons  of  ore,  represents  one  hundred  and  five 
mines.  This  ore  is  argentiferous  galena,  carrying  a  large  pro- 
portion of  gray  copper.  They  exhibit  some  hard  and  sand 


Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains.  37 

carbonates,  wire  and  native  silver,  and  gold  quartz,  also  cop- 
per, lime,  marble,  and  sandstone.  Their  silver  ores  assay  from 
$20  to  $4,000  per  ton,  and  are  found  in  veins  four  to  nine  feet 
wide,  with  pay  streaks,  from  four  to  twenty  inches.  Discover- 
ies were  made  here  in  1872,  and  their  deepest  workings  are 
down  400  feet.  Lake  City  is  the  chief  mining  center,  and  the 
mines  of  the  county  lie  within  a  radius  of  twenty  miles  from 
this  point.  These  are  smelting  ores,  and  the  sesqui-oxide  of 
iron,  which  is  found  here  in  large  quantities,  is  used  to  flux 
them. 

JEFFERSON   COUNTY 

exhibits  fine  specimens  of  limestone  in  great  varieties  for  build- 
ing purposes;  also,  silica  suitable  for  the  manufacture  of  glass; 
fire  clay,  coal,  gypsum,  mica,  granite,  and  brown  sandstone, 
similar  to  that  used  in  New  York  City.  They  show  some  silver 
steel  ore,  copper,  and  iron,  but  silver  ores  proper  to  a  very 
limited  extent. 

WELD  COUNTY 

displays  good  specimens  of  bituminous  coal;  and  in  agricultural 
products,  as  fine  wheat,  oats,  rye,  barley,  potatoes  and  vegeta- 
bles as  can  be  grown  in  any  part  of  the  world. 

SMELTING    WORKS. 

To  extract  from  the  ores  of  these  counties  the  rich  metals  they 
contain,  smelters  and  reduction  works  are  planted  all  over  the 
State,  and  their  glowing  fires  burn  by  night  and  by  day,  so 
that  Colorado's  yield  of  the  precious  metals  for  1882  was  $26,- 
751,000. 

Of  this  amount,  the  following  smelters  produced  gold,  sil- 
ver, lead  and  copper,  of  the  value  here  noted: 

PUEBLO    SMELTING   COMPANY. 

Lead $  1,250,000 

Copper 63, 720 

Silver 1,603,125 

Gold 362,500 

Total $  3, 279,405 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


GRAFT'S  SMELTING  WORKS. 

Gold $    29,420 

Silver 766,700 

Lead 541 , 100 

Total $1,337,220 

MINER'S  SMELTING  WORKS. 

Gold $  154,733 

Silver 497,275 

Copper 45,632 


Total $  697,640 

BOSTON    AND    COLORADO    WORKS — "ARGO." 

Gold $      687,000 

Silver 2,595,000 

Copper 386,000 

Total $  8,668,000 

COAL    AND    IRON. 

The  coal  and  iron  deposits  of  Colorado  are  practically  inex- 
haustible, Coal  is  found  in  Boulder,  Jefferson  and  Weld 
counties;  at  Franceville,  between  Denver  and  Colorado  Springs; 
at  Trinidad  and  Elmoro,  near  Canon  City;  in  Gunnison  county, 
at  Crested  Butte  and  Ruby;  at  Como,  in  Park  eounty;  and  in 
both  La  Plata  and  .Dolores  counties.  The  coals  are  bitumin- 
ous, semi-bituminous,  anthracite  and  lignites;  and  the  strata 
vary  in  thickness  from  five  to  seventy-five  feet.  Those  of 
Gunnison  county  are  considered  the  most  important  in  the 
State.  The  total  out  put,  for  1882,  amounted  to  2,000,000 
tons,  besides  100,000  tons  of  coke;  total  value  at  the  mines, 
$4,460,000.  The  iron  deposits  are  extensive,  some  of  the  most 
valuable  being  in  Gunnison  county.  The  production  of  ore 
for  1882  from  the  South  Arkansas  Hot  Springs,  Placer,  Silver 
Cliff  and  Grape  Creek  mines;  alone,  amounted  to  53,425  tons. 
The  iron  and  steel  production  of  the  Colorado  Coal  and  Iron 
Company's  works  at  Pueblo  for  1882  was  88,500  tons. 


Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains.  39 

The  increase  in  the  valuation  of  property  in  Colorado  is 
interesting.  The  assessed  total  State  valuation  for  the  past 
six  years  has  been  as  follows: 

1877  . .  .• $  43,453,946  36 

1878 48,072,648  26 

1879 59,590,761  30 

1880. . . ' 73, 050, 761  89 

1881... '. 96,135,305  48 

1882... 104,440,683  57 

RAILWAYS. 

Colorado  has  over  three  thousand  miles  of  railways.  These 
are  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande,  Denver  and  South  Park, 
Denver  and  New  Orleans,  Colorado  Central,  Kansas  and  Pacific, 
Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe,  Burlington  and  Quincy,  and 
the  Union  Pacific.  They  traverse  the  broad  plains,  roll 
through  the  valleys,  wind  their  way  through  grand  canons, 
rush  through  mountain  tunnels,  or  climb  from  peak  to  peak, 
amid  the  snows  at  the  summit  of  the  Rockies.  They  are  the 
iron  arms  that  grapple  with  the  mighty  mountains  and  mark 
the  progress  of  mankind. 

Judge  Kelley,  of  Pennsylvania,  speaks  thus  of  Colorado: 
"The  sources  of  mineral  wealth  in  these  mountains  are 
eternal  and  inexhaustible.  Colorado  has  the  first  element  of 
a  great  and  permanent  State,  in  the  masses  of  precious  metals, 
that  must  be  handled  within  her  borders.  She  has  the  ad- 
vantage that  she  lies  in  a  great  line  of  commerce,  and  is  neces- 
sarily an  entrepot  of  trade.  She  must  be  not  only  a  great 
smelter  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  lead,  but  a  great  manufac- 
turer of  machinery,  and  of  the  commodities  that  machines 
handle.  Her  location  as  an  iron  center  is  not  exceeded  by 
that  of  Pittsburgh.  Colorado  has  coal,  iron  and  salt,  and  her 
saline  springs  are  among  the  richest  in  the  country. 


40  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

"  Coal,  iron  and  salt  are  the  powers  of  England.  Coal,  iron, 
and  salt  make  her  the  empress  of  the  seas  and  the  workshop 
of  the  world.  On  this  basis  she  has  stood,  the  supreme  nation 
of  the  world;  and  now  is  overshadowed  by  but  one  nation, 
and  that  is  the  one  which  floats  the  flag  on  which  the  star  of 
Colorado  marks  the  thirty-eighth  State." 


The  Jolly  Bears. 


Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains.  41 


The  Iron  Queen  of  the  Rockies— The  Great  Salt  Lake 
—Its  History,  Characteristics,  and  Salt  Producing 
Qualities— The  Gold  and  Silver  Producing-  Districts 
and  Their  Yield— The  Iron  and  Other  Mineral  Wealth 
of  the  Territory. 

This  Territory  lies  between  the  37th,  and  the  42d  parallels  of 
latitude;  and  between  the  1 09th  and  114th  meridians,  west  from 
Greenwich.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north,  by  Idaho  and  Wyom- 
ing; east,  by  Colorado  and  Wyoming;  south,  by  Arizona;  and 
west,  by  Nevada.  Its  length  from  north  to  south  is  325  miles; 
and,  from  east  to  west,  300  miles.  Its  mean  elevation  above 
the  sea  is  6,100  feet.  It  has  87,720  square  miles,  of  which 
there  are  84,970  land,  and  2,780  water,  amounting,  in  all,  to 
54,380,800  acres.  The  Wasatch  Mountains  divide  the  Terri- 
tory from  north  to  south  into  two  nearly  equal  parts.  These 
mountains  rise  in  their  peaks  to  12,000  feet  above  the  sea,  but 
have  a  less  height  as  they  pass  southward.  The  eastern  por- 
tion of  the  Territory  has  a  little  arable  and  grazing  land.,  and 
a  very  considerable  amount  of  coal.  It  is  drained  by x the 
Green  and  Grand  Rivers;  which  unite  to  form  the  Colorado; 
whose  waters,  pass  for  hundreds  of  miles,  through  one  of  the 
most  colossal  canons  in  the  world;  varying  in  depth  from  1,000 
to  6,000  feet  below  the  level  of  the  plateaus.  Close  to  the 
western  base  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains,  is  the  Great  Salt  Lake 
basin;  which  extends  from  north  to  south  for  more  than  two 
hundred  miles.  In  it  are  found  the  Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah 
Lake;  near  the  middle  of  the  Territory;  and  Sevier  Lake,  in 


42  Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains. 

the  southwest  part.  The  Cache,  San  Pete,  and  Salt  Lake 
Valleys  are  noted  as  grain  producing  sections;  but,  having 
colder  winters  and  shorter  summers,  on  account  of  greater 
elevation,  are  not  so  well  adapted  to  the  growing  of  fruit  as 
the  Great  Salt  Lake  Basin.  Irrigation  is  extensively  prac- 
ticed, and  every  stream  that  comes  down  from  the  mountains 
is  used  for  that  purpose.  The  supply  of  water,  however,  in 
this  part  of  the  Territory  is,  not  equal  to  that  in  the  eastern 
half.  To  the  west  and  south  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake  lies  the 
Great  American  Desert,  stretching  away  into  Nevada. 

THE    GREAT   SALT   LAKE, 

which  lies  in  the  north  central  portion  of  the  Territory;  is  an 
inland  sea;  eighty  miles  in  length,  by  fifty  wide;  with  an  alti- 
tude above  the  ocean  of  4,200  feet.  This  lake  is  full  of  pic- 
turesque beauty,  containing  many  islands;  the  principal  of 
which  are  Antelope,  Church,  Carrington,  Gunnison,  Hat,  Kim- 
balls,  and  Stansbury.  The  mountains,  on  some  of  these,  rise 
abruptly  to  the  height  of  3,000  feet,  and  contain  both  base 
and  precious  metals.  On  both  Church  and  Carrington  Islands; 
which  are  in  the  southern  portion  of  the  lake;  rich  copper 
deposits  have  been  found.  Antelope,  the  nearest  to  Salt  Lake 
City,  is  sixteen  miles  in  length,  while  Stansbury  is  twelve 
miles  long.  These  were  at  one  time  accessible  by  a  wagon 
road  from  the  southern  shore;  but  the  water  in  the  lake,  having 
risen  twelve  feet  since  the  first  settlement  of  Utah,  they  are 
now  islands.  The  first  mention  made  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake 
was  by  Baron  La  Houtan,  in  1689.  Captain  Bonneville  sent 
a  party  to  explore  it  in  1833,  but  not  until  1842  did  the  white 
man  set  foot  upon  its  shores;  when  Colonel  Fremont  visited, 
and  described  it.  Captain  Stansbury,  in  1850,  made  a  detailed 
survey  of  its  shores  and  Islands.  There  have  been  many 
curious  discoveries  in  regard  to  this  lake;  some  of  which,  are 
the  various  water  marks  upon  the  rocks  of  its  islands;  the 
principal  one  being  eight  hundred  feet  above  the  present  lake 
level.  This  is  explained  by  the  theory,  that  the  area,  between 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  43 


the  Wasatch,  and  the  Siera  Nevada  ranges;  was  once  a  large 
inland  sea;  of  which  the  present  Great  Salt  Lake  is  but  the 
remains.  The  water  is  of  a  beautiful  aqua-marine,  as  clear  as 
crystal,  so  that  the  bottom  is  often  seen.  Its  mean  depth  does 
not  exceed  twenty  feet;  while  the  deepest  part  is  not  more 
than  sixty  feet  beneath  the  surface.  It  is  already  a  favorite 
watering-place,  as  the  water  becomes  much  warmer  than  that 
of  the  ocean;  being  so  dense  that  it  is  a  delightful  exercise  to 
bathe  in  it.  There  is  a  comfortable  hotel  at  Lake  Point,  and 
bath-houses  at  Black  Rock.  The  northern  part  of  the  Terri- 
tory contains  numerous  salt  springs,  which  pour  their  waters 
into  this  lake.  The  brine  of  Salt  Lake  holds  fourteen  per 
cent,  of  solid  matter;  and  being  evaporated  by  the  sun's  rays, 
deposits  thousands  of  tons  of  salt  each  year.  The  price  of 
this  crude  article,  at  Salt  Lake  City,  averages  five  dollars  per 
ton.  Not  less  than  12,000  tons  are  collected  and  manufac- 
tured from  its  waters  annually;  most  of  which  is  used  in  the 
smelters  of  Colorado,  Nevada,  Montana,  and  Utah;  Colorado 
alone  using  5,000  tons  per  annum.  ,The  waters  of  this  lake 
compare  with  other  saline  waters  as  follows: 

WATER.      SOLIDS. 

Atlantic  Ocean. . . 06.5       8.5 

Mediterranean 96.2       8.8 

DeadSea 76.  24. 

Great  Salt  Lake 86.  14. 

THE   KESOUBCES  OF   UTAH 

compare  well  with  the  size  of  her  territory;  for,  in  some 
respects,  she  is  one  of  the  richest  in  minerals  in  the  Rocky 
Mountain  range.  Gold  and  silver  mining  began  in  Utah 
in  1870,  since  which  time  the  bullion  product  has  amounted 
to  $60,000,000.  Mines  have  been  discovered  in  nearly  all 
her  mountains,  of  which  the  Territory  is  full;  but  many 
of  her  mining  districts  have  been  abandoned  until  more  capi- 
tal can  be  had  for  reducing  the  ores,  and  better  facilities  are 
created  for  getting  them  to  market.  The  productive  dis- 
tricts at  present  are,  the  Park  City,  Alta,  American  Fork, 


44  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Bingham,  Tintic,  Stockton,  Frisco,  Marysvale,  and  Silver  Reel 
Most  of  these  are  now  accessible  by  rail  from  Salt  Lake 
City.  The  product  of  the  various  smelters,  mills,  and  placers, 
of  Utah,  in  gold,  silver,  and  lead,  for  1882,  was  nearly  $10,- 
000,000;  giving  Utah  the  fifth  place  in  the  list  of  gold  and 
silver  producers;  Colorado,  being  first;  California,  second;  Ne- 
vada, third;  and  Arizona,  fourth.  In  the  Park  City  district, 
the  great  Ontario  silver  mine  is  located;  which  was  capitalized 
in  San  Francisco  for  $15,000,000;  and  has  produced,  up  to 
January,  1883,  over  $11,000,000;  while  it  is  said  its  produc- 
tive period  has  only  really  begun.  The  average  value  of  the 
ore  taken  out  has  been  $100  per  ton.  In  this  district,  there 
are  many  other  producing  properties,  which  may,  in  time,  also 
become  bonanzas.  The  Alta  district  includes  the  Little  and 
Big  Cottonwood  mines,  and  has  communication  by  rail  with 
the  smelters  in  the  Jordan  Valley.  The  ores  are  found  here 
in  chambers,  in  limestone,  and  in  chimneys  of  what  appear  to 
be  fissure  veins.  They  were  originally  mainly  galenas,  but 
have  changed  to  carbonates  of  lead.  These  ores  are  of  low 
grade  in  silver,  $30,  $50,  and  $75  per  ton,  fairly  representing 
the  mines  of  this  district.  A  large  amount  of  development 
has  been  done  on  some  of  these  mines,  as  much  as  4,000  feet 
in  drifts,  tunnels,  and  winzes  on  the  City  Rock  group  alone. 
Among  the  many  producers  the  Antelope  and  Prince  of  Wales 
mines  have  yielded  over  $1,000,000  in  bullion  to  their  happy 
owners. 

AMERICAN   FORK    DISTRICT. 

.  In  the  American  Fork  district  the  chief  mine  is  the 
Silver  Bell.  It  has  a  strong  vein  of  free  milling  ore,  and 
promises  to  become  a  great  property.  The  Silver  Lake  dis- 
trict, which  is  included  in  that  of  the  American  Fork,  has  a 
number  of  mines  that  show  large  bodies  of  low  grade  ore. 
The  Bingham  Canon  district  contains  ores  in  which  lead 
largely  predominates.  The  Country  Rock  is  quartzite,  broken 
up  by  dykes  of  eruptive  rock.  The  mineral  belt  is  broad,  and 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  45 

contains  many  fissure  veins.  The  ores  are  partly  galena,  and 
partly  iron,  and  being  decomposed  near  the  surface,  form  car- 
bonates and  brown  hemetite.  The  silver-lead  ores  have  been 
worked  for  years;  but  the  gold  ores  of  this  district  have  as  yet 
hardly  been  touched.  Among  the  great  silver-lead  mines 
here,  are  the  Old  Telegraph,  Spanish,  Neptune,  etc.  These, 
are  on  the  famous  lead  belt,  which  has  been  explored  for  two 
miles  in  length;  and  is  found  to  vary  in  width,  from  120  to  180 
feet.  The  ore,  from  this  belt,  varies  in  quality  from  twenty, 
to  fifty  per  cent,  of  lead;  with  only  five  to  thirty  ounces  of 
silver,  to  the  ton.  The  Tiewaukee  mines  furnish  $12,000  to 
$15,000  worth  of  ore  per  month.  Of  the  iron  and  gold  ores 
Professor  Newberry  says: 

"The  ore  in  the  Yosemite,  Jordan,  Utah,  Red  Rover,  Span- 
ish, Stewart,  etc.;  varies  from  twenty-five,  to  fifty  feet  in  thick- 
ness; and  as  the  strata  are  deeply  cut  by  the  ravines;  the  out- 
crops are  sometimes  one  hundred  feet  above  the  drainage  and 
water  levels.  All  this  part  of  the  veins  is  oxidized,  and  the 
ore  is  free  milling,  yielding  on  an  average  about  ten  dollars  to 
the  ton  in  gold.  The  quantity  of  ore,  of  this  kind,  in  these 
great  and  continuous  veins,  is  enormous;  and  sufficient  to  form 
the  basis  of  a  successful  mining  industry  for  years.  The  ore 
is  soft;  is  mined  with  great  facility;  and,  with  proper  appli- 
ances, could  be  as  cheaply  crushed,  as  any  ore  in  the  country. 
In  many  localities,  the  mines  can  be  worked  by  open  cut. 
Here  no  timbering  will  be  necessary,  and  the  cost  of  mining, 
and  milling,  should  not  exceed  two  dollars  per  ton.  A  profit 
of  more  than  five  dollars  to  the  ton  may  easily  be  secured,  and 
thus  the  gold  production  of  Bingham,  may  become  as  great 
and  profitable  as  that  of  the  Black  Hills." 

It  is  estimated  that  "this  district  has  produced  500,000  tons 
of  ore  during  the  past  ten  years;  equal  to  100,000  tons  of  bul- 
lion, yielding  $8,800,000  in  silver,  $1,500,000  in  gold,  and 
$5,000,000  in  lead;  amounting  in  all  to  $15,300,000." 


46  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  mines  of  the  Stockton  district,  lie  on  the  western  slope 
of  the  Oquirrh  range  of  mountains,  about  forty  miles  west  of 
Salt  Lake  City,  and  can  be  reached  by  rail.  The  ores  of  this 
district  are  silver-leads;  mostly  carbonates;  and  are  worth  from 
$20  to  $30  per  ton  in  the  Salt  Lake  market.  The  Great  Basin 
is  the  chief  producing  mine  in  the  district;  though  the  Hidden 
Treasure,  Mono,  Queen  of  the  Hills,  etc  ,  have  produced,  it  is 
claimed,  two  to  three  millions  en  masse.  Many  of  the  mines 
here  seem  to  have  been  abandoned,  as  the  surface  bonanzas 
have  been  worked  out,  and  deeper  exploration  has  not  been 
begun. 

THE   TINTIC    DISTRICT. 

The  Tintic  District,  which  lies  ninety  miles  from  Salt  Lake 
City,  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Oquirrh  Mountains,  is  also 
reached  by  the  Utah  Central  and  the  Salt  Lake  &  Western 
roads.  Here  two-thirds  of  the  ores  carry  gold,  silver,  and 
copper;  while  the  remainder  are  galena  ores.  The  chief  mines, 
are  the  Crimson  Mammoth,  Beck,  Carisa,  and  the  Northern 
Spy.  The  Crimson  Mammoth  has  a  forty  foot  vein,  containing 
a  chimney,  about  one  hundred  feet  in  diameter;  of  nearly 
pure  ore,  which  averages  ten  per  cent  copper,  and  $35  in 
gold  and  silver  per  ion;,  and  has  been  a  heavy  producer  for 
several  years.  The  Eureka  Hill  mine,  in  this  district,  has 
yielded  as  much  as  $33,000  per  month.  It  is  generally  be- 
lieved, that  the  Tintic  district,  has  more  paying  mines  and 
prospects,  that  a  little  money  will  develop  into  paying  proper- 
ties; than  any  other  in  the  Territory.  It  is  a  good  place  to 
carry  on  mining,  as  the  winters  are  mild,  the  principal  draw- 
back being  a  scarcity  of  water. 

The  Frisco  district  is  243  miles  south  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and 
can  be  reached  by  the  Utah  Central  Railway.  The  most  prom- 
inent mine  here  is  the  Horn  Silver,  which  has  produced  up  to 
January  1,  1883,  over  $6,000,000.  The  ore  is  a  decomposed 
argentiferous  galena,  averaging  $50  per  ton.  The  vein,  is  fifty 
feet  in  thickness,  of  clean  ore.  It  is  opened  by  levels,  the  low- 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  47 

est  being  down  500  feet,  and  the  mine  is  said  to  be  free  from 
water  in  its  deepest  workings.  It  is  owned  by  the  Horn  Silver 
Mining  Company,  and  is  capitalized  at  $10,000,000.  This 
company  also  own  extensive  lead  refining  works  in  Chicago, 
and  their  dividends  have  been  $300,000  quarterly,  or  at  the 
rate  of  $1,200,000  per  annum.  In  this  district  there  are  also 
valuable  deposits  of  copper  ore;  which  will,  without  doubt,  be 
developed  into  paying  properties. 

The  Marysvale  district  is  in  one  of  the  best  endowed  parts 
of  Utah,  where  there  is  plenty  of  water,  and  timber;  two  im- 
portant factors  in  successful  mining.  Here  the  Deer  Trail  is 
the  most  valuable  property.  The  ores  are  gold  and  silver  com- 
bined, and  are  worth  about  $30  per  ton.  The  veins  in  this 
district  are  from  twelve  to  twenty  feet  wide,  and  make  promise 
of  good  mines  when  sufficient  capital  is  secured  for  their  devel- 
opment. 

THE   SILVER   EEEF   REGION. 

The  Silver  Reef  region,  is  named  from  a  sandstone  reef, 
which  fronts  the  Wasatch  Mountain  for  a  distance  of  one 
hundred  miles,  and  which  contains  silver  to  the  extent  of  $30 
to  the  ton.  This  district  is  one  hundred  miles  south  of  the 
Frisco  district  in  the  Bio  Colorado  Basin.  The  country  is 
dreary  in  the  extreme;  being  bare  of  vegetation;  with  precipit- 
ous mountains,  which  look  still  hot  from  volcanic  fires.  The 
principal  mines  here  are  the  Tecumseh,  Stormy  King,  Califor- 
nia, Maggie  and  Silver  Flat.  The  ore  is  silver  sandstone,  be- 
tween sandstone  walls,  and  is  free  milling.  These  properties 
have  been -incorporated  in  San  Francisco,  for  $6, 000, 000  as  the 
Christy  Mining  and  Milling  Company;  and  50,000  tons  of  ore 
have  been  taken  out;  yielding  $1,300,000,  or  about  $28  per 
ton.  The  Stormont  Silver  Mining  Company,  of  New  York, 
have  a  number  of  properties  here,  from  which  they  have  paid 
$145,000  in  dividends.  Deposits,  of  rich  copper  ore,  have  re- 
cently been  found  in  sandstone,  near  the  Colorado  River.  It 
is  thought,  that  other  parts  of  the  Buckeye  and  White  reefs, 


48  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


will  be  made  as  productive,  as  the  Silver  reef  has  proven; 
which,  during  the  past  five  years,  has  produced  not  less  than 
$4,000,000. 

Utah  has  twenty  stamp  mills,  with  350  stamps  -in  all,  and 
twenty-five  lead  smelting  furnaces;  nineteen  of  which  are  in 
the  Jordan  Valley,  near  Salt  Lake  City.  Here  are  smelted  the 
ores  not  only  of  Utah,  but  many  of  those  from  Nevada  and 
Idaho.  For  this  purpose  they  use  charcoal;  costing  ten  cents 
per  bushel;  and  McConnellsville  coke,  brought  from  Pennsyl- 
vania, which  costs  delivered  $23.50  per  ton.  They  charge 
from  $10  to  $12  per  ton  for  smelting.  The  cost  of  mining  in 
Utah  is  said  to  average  $10  per  ton.  The  Germania  lead 
works,  seven  miles  from  Salt  Lake  City,  has  a  daily  capacity 
of  180  tons,  and  produces  common,  refined,  white,  sheet,  pipe, 
shot,  litharge,  and  test  lead,  using  only  English  coke'for  fuel. 
As  Utah,  has  an  abundance  of  coal  that  is  excellent  for  house 
use,  and  steam  making  purposes;  it  will  be  strange  if  she  does 
not  make  her  own  coke  supersede  the  imported  article. 

THE   IRON    ORE  DEPOSITS 

of  Utah  are  extensive,  and  of  great  variety.  They  are  found 
at  Smithfield,  about  Ogden,  on  the  Provo  below  Kamas,  on 
the  Weber,  in  the  Ogden  Canon,  on  the  Wasatch  above  Wil- 
lard,  and  Bountiful,  in  the  City  Creek  Canon,  at  Tintic,  and 
in  the  Cottonwoods.  Every  variety  is  said  to  exist,  save  the 
spathic  ores.  Many  of  them  carry  silver,  in  sufficient  amount, 
to  make  them  valuable  aside  from  other  purposes.  They  are 
used  extensively  as  fluxes  for  the  silicious  ores,  the  principal 
supply  for  the  Jordan  Valley  smelters  being  taken  from  the 
Tintic  district;  where  ores  can  be  selected  that  will  yield  50  to 
60  per  cent,  of  iron.  The  most  important  iron  ore  deposits, 
however,  in  Utah,  are  in  Iron  county,  three  hundred  miles 
south  of  Salt  Lake  City.  These  ores  are  magnetic  and  hema- 
tite, and  are  reported  to  exceed  in  extent  the  famous  Iron 
Mountain  and  Pilot  Knob  deposits  of  Missouri.  Professor 
Newberry  says  of  them : 


Distant  View  of  Logan,  Utah. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  49 

"  The  deposits  of  iron  ore,  near  Iron  City,  and  Iron  Springs, 
in  Southwestern  Utah,  are  probably  not  excelled  in  intrinsic 
value  by  any  in  the  world.  The  ore  is  magnetic  and  hematite, 
and  occurs  in  a  belt  fifteen  or  twenty  miles  long,  and  three  or 
four  miles  wide;  along  which  there  are  frequent  outcrops;  each 
of  which  shows  a  length  and  breadth  of  several  hundred  feet 
of  compact,  massive  ore,  of  the  richest  quality.  There  are 
certainly  no  other  such  deposits  of  iron  ore  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  should  it  be  found  practicable,  to  use  Utah  coal, 
for  the  manufacture  of  pig  and  bar  iron,  and  steel,  from  these 
ore  beds;  it  would  be  difficult  to  overestimate  the  influence 
they  would  have  on  the  industries  of  the  Pacific  coast." 

Of  the  coal  fields  of  Utah  Professor  Newberry  also  says: 
"  Within  fifteen  miles  of  the  iron  ore  beds,  and  separated  from 
them  by  a  nearly  level  plain,  are  deposits  of  coal;  which,  I  be- 
lieve, can  be  successfully  used  for  smelting  iron,  and  which 
are  certainly  capable,  of  furnishing  a  fuel,  that  will  perform  all 
the  other  duties  of  coal,  and  that  in  inexhaustible  quantities. 
These  coal  beds  are  connected  with  the  coal  fields  of  Eastern 
Utah,  but  it  is  only  here  that  they  push  through  the  mount, 
ains  into  the  '  railroad  valleys,'  which  lie  between  the  Wasatch 
and  the  Sierra  Nevada.  Several  beds  of  coal  here  crop  out  on 
top  of  Cedar  Mountain;  beds,  which  vary  from  five,  to  eighteen 
feet  in  thickness.  The  coal  is  of  the  cretaceous  age,  and  equal 
in  quality  to  any  of  the  Western  coals.  It  makes  a  fairly  good 
coke,  apparently  as  good  as  that  manufactured  at  Trinidad, 
Colorado,  and  so  extensively  used  for  metallurgical  purposes 
in  that  State.  It  is  fully  equal  to  the  coals  of  Central  and 
Northern  Utah;  hence  it  will  probably  furnish  a  fuel  adapted 
for  smelting  and  manufacturing  iron." 

It  is. estimated  that  there  are 

TWENTY   THOUSAND    SQUARE  MILES    OF   COAL   LANDS 

in  Utah,  and  that  the  united  thickness  of  their  veins  is  one 
hundred  and  sixty-five  feet.  They  lie  chiefly  along  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Wasatch,  from  the  Uintah  Keservation,  in  Pleas- 


50  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

ant  Valley,  on  Huntington  Creek,  in  Castle  Valley,  and  on 
the  Colorado  River.  The  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway,  now 
building  from  Gunnison  City,  Colorado,  to  Salt  Lake  City, 
passes  directly  through  these  coal  fields;  and,  it  is  stated,  thafc 
during  the  entire  distance,  the  road  is  scarcely  ever  out  of  sight 
of  marketable  coal.  Some  of  these  mines  have  been  worked 
for  years,  and  are  opened  up  to  a  depth  of  1,000  feet.  Not- 
withstanding these  facts  Utah  has  actually  purchased  500,000 
tons  of  Wyoming  coal  in  the  past  ten  years,  at  a  cost 
$4,000,000. 

Utah  has  her  full  complement  of  other  minerals.  Extensive 
deposits  of  antimony,  hare  been  found  forty  miles  east  of 
Marysvale;  on  the  Sevier  River;  and  the  American  Antimony 
Company  own  450  acres  of  land,  where  the  ore  occurs  in  strata, 
between  sandstone  and  conglomerate;  and  which  they  estimate 
will  yield  1,000  tons  to  the  acre.  It  is  claimed  to  be  purer  in 
its  native  state  than  Cookson's  imported  "star  metal."  Utah 
can  thus  supply  the  world,  with  the  finest  antimony  made. 
Sulphur,  formed  by  the  condensation  of  volcanic  sulphur 
fumes,  is  found  in  several  localities,  notably  in  Millard  county, 
where  it  covers  an  area  of  three  hundred  acres.  Wherever  it 
has  been  cut,  in  no  place  has  it  been  found  less  than  twenty 
feet  in  thickness;  and  is  still  forming  from  the  active  exhala- 
tions. Some  of  it  is  ninety-eight  per  cent,  fine,  sixty-five 
per  cent,  being  the  average,  while  the  sulphur  beds  of  Sicily; 
oui  present  source  of  supply,  average  only  twenty  per  cent. 

ROCK  SALT. 

Rock  salt  as  clear  as  crystal,  and  almost  perfectly  pure,  is 
mined  on  the  Sevier  River  and  in  Salt  Creek  canon.  The 
principal  mines  of  rock  salt  in  the  world  are  near  Cracow,  the 
former  capital  of  Poland,  where  they  have  a  length  of  two 
miles  by  one  in  breadth,  and  are  1,000  feet  deep.  There  are 
also  mines  at  Hall  in  the  Tyrol,  at  Vic  in  German  Lorraine 

at  Cheshire,  England,  at  Holston,  Virginia,  and  Petite  Anse? 

Louisiana,  and  in  many  other  places. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  51 

Gypsum  is  found  in  both  a  crystalized  and  oxidized  state, 
in  San  Pete  county,  above  Cove  Creek  on  the  Muddy,  and  near 
Nepi.  At  the  latter  place  there  is  a  ledge  one  hundred  feet  wide 
and  twelve  hundred  feet  long.  Shale  beds  extend  over  an  area 
of  1,000  square  miles,  and  are  from  sixty  to  one  hundred  feet  in 
thickness.  A  portion  of  them  are  rich  in  gas  and  paraffine 
oils,  while  underlying  their  strata  is  a  bed  of  ' 'mineral  wax" 
twelve  inches  in  thickness.  Mica  is  found  in  several  localities, 
but  not  of  good  quality.  Porcelain  clays  or  kaolines  have  been 
discovered  west  of  Utah  Lake,  in  Sevier  and  Beaver  counties. 
Those  near  Lehi  are  remarkable  for  both  quality  and  quantity. 
Fire  clay,  in  Bingham  Canon,  and  a  fire-stone  which  has  super- 
seded fire  brick  in  the  Territory,  are  found  in  the  Frisco  min- 
ing district. 

Copper  is  found  extensively  in  the  Tintic,  Snake  River,  and 
Big  Cottonwood  districts;  while  bismuth  has  been  discovered 
in  the  Tintic  district,  and  in  Beaver  county;  in  quantity  and 
quality  to  be  profitably  worked.  Building  stone  is  abundant; 
both  sandstone  and  limestone;  and  marbles,  in  all  colors,  from 
black  to  white.  On  Antelope  Island,  in  the  Great  Salt  Lake, 
exist  the  finest  slate  quarries  in  the  world.  The  slates,  are 
green  and  royal  purple  in  color,  and  are  superior  to  any  known. 
The  forests  of  Utah  are  confined  to  the  mountains,  and  con- 
sist almost  entirely  of  coniferae.  The  red  and  white  pine, 
black  balsam,  scrub  cedar,  and  pinon  pine  are  quite  com- 
mon. The  timber  supply  is  not  good,  though  sufficient, 
probably  exists,  for  mining  purposes.  Building  lumber, 
especially  that  for  flooring  and  finishing  purposes,  is  all 
imported,  being  brought  from  Chicago,  Minneapolis  and  the 
Pacific  coast.  Utah  is  full  of 

LAND-LOCKED  TALLEY8, 

in  which  cereals,  vegetables  and  fruits  are  cultivated  with  suc- 
cess. Potatoes  grown  here  are  of  a  superior  quality;  and  find 
a  ready  market  throughout  the  entire  Rocky  Mountain  Region. 
The  amount  of  arable  land  may  be  estimated  at  six  per 


52  Resources  of  t'he  Rocky  Mountains. 


cent,  of  the  whole  area,  or  1,500,000  acres,  that  being  the 
amount  of  land,  according  to  Major  Powell,  of  the  Geological 
Survey,  that  the  streams  of  Utah  will  water  at  the  rate  of 
100  acres  for  each  cubic  foot  of  water  per  second.  Nothing 
grows  here,  in  the  way  of  cereals  or  vegetables,  without  irri- 
gation, so  that  the  farms  are  small.  There  are  now  250,000 
acres  under  fence,  or  improved,  which,  with  water-right  at- 
tached, are  worth  from  $25  to  $100  an  acre,  according  to 
locality.  Of  this,  100,000  acres  are  in  meadow,  40,000  in  mis- 
cellaneous crops,  and  10,000  acres  in  fruits.  Apples,  pears, 
peaches,  plums,  quinces,  etc.,  grow  large  and  are  well  flavored, 
while  in  the  Rio  Colorado  basin  grapes  are  successfully  culti- 
vated, and  considerable  wine  is  made. 

In  the  semi-tropical  climate  of  Southern  Utah,  considerable 
quantities  of  cotton  have  been  raised,  and  manufactured  into 
the  coarser  fabrics.  Utah  has  over  1,000  manufacturing  es- 
tablishments; and  the  value  of  their  products  for  1880  was 
over  $4,000,000.  It  has  over  fifty  flour  mills;  as  many  saw 
mills;  more  than  twenty  tanneries;  as  many  boot  and  shoe  fac- 
tories; woolen  mills,  furniture  factories,  etc.  Their  motto  is 
"Home  manufacture,"  as  far  as  possible.  In  1881,  there  were 
imported,  into  the  Territory,  $12,000,000  worth  of  articles;  and 
the  same  value  exported,  in  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  wheat, 
flour,  barley  live  stock,  wool,  hides,  fruits,  vegetables,  etc.;  all 
the  production  of  their  mines  and  other  resources.  Utah  has 
400,000  head  of  sheep  and  150,000  cattle.  While  it  has  a  great 
diversity  of  climate,  it  is  more  arid  than  Colorado.  Observa- 
tions taken  at  Salt  Lake  City  for  nineteen  years,  give  the  mean 
temperature  51.54  degree  F.  with  an  annual  rain  fall  of  only 
15.72  inches. 

BAILWAYS. 

Nine  lines  of  railway  already  traverse  the  Territory,  and 
make  possible  the  rapid  development  of  its  resources.  These 
are  The  Union  Pacific,  Utah  Northern,  Utah  Central,  The 
Salt  Lake  &  Western,  San  Pete  Valley,  Utah  Eastern,  The 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  53 

Echo  &  Park  City,  The  Utah  &  Nevada,  and  The  Denver  & 
Rio  Grande. 

MINERAL   SPRINGS. 

Utah  has  numerous  mineral  springs,  as  salt,  soda,  sulphur 
and  chalybeate,  the  best  known  of  which  are  the  Warm 
Springs,  of  Salt  Lake  City.  These  waters  issue  from  the 
mountain,  side,  in  volume,  with  a  temperature  of  95  to  104° 
F.,  and  are  slightly  charged  with  carbonic  acid  and  hydro- 
sulphuric  acid  gasses,  with  a  strong  smell  of  sulphureted 
hydrogen,  and  are  considered  efficacious  in  the  cure  of  rheu- 
matic complaints.  The  Hot  Springs,  having  a  temperature 
of  128°  P.,  boil  up  three  miles  north  of  Salt  Lake  City,  and 
have  formed  a  lake  covering  two  square  miles.  The  Red 
Springs,  fifteen  miles  north  of  Ogden,  have  their  hot  waters 
so  impregnated  with  iron  as  to  color  the  ground  and  kill  veg- 
etation. The  Steamboat  Springs  discharge  their  waters  with 
a  noise  like  the  escape  of  steam  from  an  engine,  and  give  off 
carbonic  acid  with  deadly  effect.  The  Beer  Springs,  how- 
ever, seern  to  be  the  favorite,  as  the  waters  are  similar  to  those 
of  the  Congress  Spring  of  Saratoga.  These  waters  are  cool,  and 
when  sugar  and  lemon  are  added,  "make  a  beverage  equal  to 
the  soda  water  of  commerce." 

Utah  is  full  of  picturesque  scenery,  in  its  mountains,  val- 
leys and  canons,  and  the  tourist  may  spend  days  amid  its 
wonders,  with  profit  and  delight.  Among  the  favorite  resorts 
are  Parley's  Park,  Big  Cotton  wood,  and  the  American  Fork 
Canon;  the  last  named  is  called  the  Yosemite  of  Utah; 
having  timbered  vales  and  wild  gorges  it  is  one  of  the  most 
picturesque  canons  in  the  Wasatch  Mountains. 

THE  CITY    OF  THE  SAINTS. 

Utah  has  a  population  of  170,000,  of  which  Salt  Lake  City, 
the  metropolis,  contains  30,000.  This  is  a  city  of  cottage 
homes,  and  yet  there  are  many  stately  buildings,  the  principal 
of  which  are  the  temples  of  the  Mormons.  These  homes  are 


54  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

surrounded  by  beautiful  trees  laden  with  blossoms,  and  fruit 
in  their  season,  by  gardens  of  flowers,  and  swarms  of  children 
most  of  which  belong  to  those  defiant  scoundrels  called 
"saints."  By  the  road  sides  are  rows  of  stately  elms  and  mul- 
berry trees,  beneath  whose  shade  clear  streams  of  rippling 
water  make  the  city  to  bloom  and  blossom  as  the  rose.  The 
views  from  Fort  Douglas,  adjoining  the  city,  are  among  the 
most  beautiful  in  the  Territory.  To  the  eastward,  loom  up 
the  magnificent  ranges  of  the  Wasatch  Mountains,  rising  8,000 
feet  above  the  valley  of  the  Jordan,  and  sweeping  northward 
into  Montana,  and  southward  through  the  heart  of  the  Terri- 
tory, where  their  snow-capped  summits  can  be  seen  for  full 
two  hundred  miles.  To  the  west,  lie  the  rugged  ranges  of  the 
Oquirrh  Mountains,  in  all  their  grandeur;  while  to  the  north, 
like  a  solitary  sentinel,  stands  the  Mormon  Mountain  of  Pro- 
phecy. Within  this  amphitheater  lies  the  "  City  of  the 
Saints,"  overlooking  the  bright  bosom  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake, 
whose  mirror-like  surface  reflects  the  glories  of  the  surround- 
ing mountains,  while  their  summits  kiss  the  sky. 


Gate  of  Ladore,  Colorado  River. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  55 


ARIZONA. 


"The  Copper  Queen  of  the  Rockies"— Her  Mines  of 
Gold,  Silver,  Copper  and  Lead— Extensive  Coal  Fields, 
Lagoons  of  Salt,  and  Forests  of  Petrified  Trees- 
Grand  Canons,  Indian  Tribes,  and  Painted  Desert 
— Mining  Output  for  1882,  $11,7OO,OOO. 

The  Territory  of  Arizona,  long  infested  by  hostile  savages, 
is  fast  coming  under  the  wand  of  civilization.  It  is  a  portion 
of  territory,  ceded  to  the  United  States  by  Mexico,  by  virtue 
of  the  Gaudalupe  Hidalgo  treaty,  and  the  Gadsen  purchase, 
in  1854.  The  origin  of  the  name  is  in  some  obscurity;  but 
the  following  definitions  are  given  as  the  most  authentic: 

First,  that  it  is  derived  from  the  Pima  Indian  words,  "Ari," 
a  maiden;  and  "Zon,"  a  valley.  Second,  from  the  Mohave 
Indian  words,  "Ari,"  beautiful,  and  "Urnia,"  a  maiden;  and, 
third,  from  "Ari,"  beautiful,  and  "Zona,"  from  the  Spanish, 
a  zone,  and  meaning  the  beautiful  zone. 

Arizona  was  struck  off  from  New  Mexico,  by  act  of  Con- 
gress, passed  February  24,  1863.  This  portion  of  New  Spain 
was  visited  by  white  men  as  early  as  1540,  when  Vasquez  de 
Coronado,  with  his  followers,  traversed  it,  in  search  of  the  seven 
cities  of  Cibola.  In  1560,  Spanish  explorers  made  a  settle- 
-ment,  near  the  present  City  of  Tucson.  St.  Augustine,  Flor- 
ida, was  settled  in  1565,  and  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  in  1555; 
these  being  the  three  first  settlements  in  America.  In  1720 
the  Jesuit  Fathers  had  a  number  of  flourishing  missions  here, 
which,  in  despite  of  the  raids  of  the  savage  Apaches,  were 


56  Resources  oj  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

continued  until  1827,  when  they  were  finally  suppressed   by 
the  Mexican  Government. 

POSITION    AND   AREA. 

This  Territory  lies  between  the  31st  and  37th  parallels  of 
latitude,  and  the  109th  and  115th  of  longitude,  west.  It  is 
bounded,  on  the  north,  by  Utah;  east,  by  New  Mexico;  south, 
by  the  Province  of  Sonora,  in  Old  Mexico;  and  west,  by  Califor- 
nia and  Nevada;  the.  Colorado  River,  however,  being  the  boun- 
dary line.  It  contains  114.000  square  miles,  equal  to  73,000,000 
acres,  and  supports  a  population  of  50,000,  which  does  not  in- 
clude the  Indians.  It  has  an  elevation  above  the  sea,  of 
100  to  7,000  feet;  while  a  few  of  its  mountain  peaks  reach 
up  to  10,000;  one,  Sierra  Blancho,  to  11,300  feet;  and  one, 
San  Francisco  peak,  to  12,500  feet.  Its  mean  elevation, 
however,  is  4,300  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  The 
surface  features  of  the  Territory  consist,  largely,  of  elevated 
plateaus,  while  the  mountain  ranges  extend  from  northwest  to 
southeast,  over  its  entire  length. 

CHARACTER  OF  COUNTRY. 

These  ranges  are  broken  and  detached,  for  the  most  part; 
while  narrow  valleys  and  broad  plains  lie  between  them.  The 
northern  portion  of  the  Territory  contains  the  most  extensive 
table  lands;  amounting  to  two-fifths  of  the  entire  area.  Many 
of  these  are  cut  with  deep  canons  by  the  rivers  that  pass  through 
them;  while  the  plateaus  are  covered  with  nutritious  grasses, 
and  it  is  said  that  nowhere  on  the  continent  can  be  found  a 
more  striking  panorama  of  mountain,  valley,  river,  and  canon. 
The  eastern  portion  exhibits  a  long  line  of  extinct  volcanoes; 
while  the  southern  part  contains  mountain  ranges,  with  many 
fertile  valleys.  The  southwestern  portion  is  almost  a  desert, 
for  here  the  streams,  which  flow  down  from  the  mountains, 
are  small,  and,  in  some  cases  disapper  entirely,  being  absorbed 
by  the  thirsty  soil.  The  northwestern  portion,  like  the  north- 
ern, has  groups  of  mountains,  clothed  with  timber;  while  the 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  57 

central  portion  is  the  garden  of  Arizona.  Prescott,  the  capital 
of  the  Territory,  is  located  here,  around  which,  for  a  space  of 
thirty  miles,  the  mountains  are  well  timbered;  the  valleys 
covered  with  grasses,  and  the  otherwise  dreary  and  volcanic 
empire,  finds  here  its  gem  of  green.  This  mighty  Territory 
is  virtually  drained  by  one  river,  and  that  is  the  Colorado, 
which  enters  its  borders  in  the  north-central  region,  passing 
through  about  one-fourth  of  the  Territory,  on  its  way  south, 
when  it  suddenly  turns  westward,  across  to  the  Nevada  line, 
down  which  it  zigzags  to  the  California  border,  where  it  has 
cut  its  way  southward  to  the  G-ulf  of  California.  This  river, 
rises  in  the  Wind  River  Mountains  of  Wyoming,  and  has 
a  length,  with  its  tributaries,  of  2,500  miles.  It  has  carved 
its  way  for  hundreds-  of  miles,  amid  the  crevases  rent  by  some 
mighty  force,  through  solid  granite,  and  volcanic  rocks,  and 
now  rushes  on  through  canons,  the  deepest  in  the  world. 

GRAND   CANONS. 

'"'-  In  Northern  Arizona  are  the  Black  Canon,  Virgin  Canon, 
Marble  Canon,  and,  the  grandest  of  all,  the  Grand  Canon,  none 
of  which  are  less  than  4,000  to  6,000  feet  deep.  In  1869,  Major 
Powell,  with  a  party,  explored  this  river  from  its  source  to  its 
mouth,  passing  through  all  these  grand  canons  in  small  boats 
or  skiffs,  to  the  Gulf  of  California.  This  river  is  navagable  to 
steamers  of  several  hundred  tons  burden,  all  the  year  around, 
for  a  distance  of  500  miles  above  the  Gulf  ;  and  steam- 
ers have  been  as  far  as  640  miles  up  the  river,  the  distance 
to  the  Grand  Canon  being  700  miles,  from  its  mouth.  The 
Colorado  River  absords  all  the  other  rivers  of  the  Territory, 
the  chief  of  which  are  the  Colorado-Chiquito,  Rio  Verde,  and 
the  Gila.  In  the  valleys  of  these  rivers,  and  their  tributaries, 
is  found  what  agricultural  land  the  territory  possesses,  and 
which  is  estimated  at  about  3,000,000  of  acres,  if  sufficient 
water  can  be  had  for  irrigation.  Only  45,000  acres  are  under 
cultivation,  at  present,  altogether  by  irrigation,  at  a  cost 


58  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

of  about  $2.50  an  acre  per  annum.  Grains  are  sown  in 
October,  November,  and  December,  and  harvested  in  May, 
June,  and  July;  and  during  their  growth,  are  flooded  from 
three  to  five  times.  By  this  process,  corn,  wheat,  barley,  and 
alfalfa,  are  successfully  produced.  Besides  these  cereals,  veg- 
etables, as  potatoes,  cabbage,  onions,  turnips,  beans,  etc.,  are 
grown  in  abundance.  Sugar  cane  is  said  to  be  well  adapted  to 
the  climate  and  soil;  and  in  some  of  the  valleys,  particularly 
those  of  the  Grila,  peaches,  pears,  grapes,  figs,  and  apricots, 
flourish.  Only  a  very  limited  amount  of  land  can  be  culti- 
vated, however,  until  artesian  wells  have  been  sunk;  which  are 
the  hope  of  Arizona,  £0  far  as  agriculture  is  concerned.  This 
Territory  is  both  hot  and  dry,  as  the  following  statistics  will 
show:  At  Tucson,  the  mean  temperature  is  67  deg.,  F.\  rain- 
fall only  0.55  of  an  inch  per  year;  at  Prescott,  54  deg.,  P., 
rain-fall  13.12  inches;  at  Fort  Mohave,  the  mean  temperature 
is  69.66  deg.,  F.,  and  at  Fort  Yuma,  68.41  deg.  The  places 
last  named  are  regarded  as  two  of  the  hottest  on  the  globe. 
The  climate,  in  winter,  in  Southern  Arizona,  is  said  to  be 
truly  delightful;  the  air  being  balmy  and  pure,  the  skies 
bright,  and  the  nights  brilliant  with  countless  stars.  It  will 
prove  a  safe  retreat  from  the  storms  of  our  Northern  winters. 

GRAZING    LANDS. 

Arizona  has  considerable  grazing  land  in  her  valleys,  and 
millions  of  acres  of  waste  land  could  be  added  to  her  grazing 
domain,  if  artesian  wells  were  employed  for  irrigating  pur- 
poses. Her  central  counties  contain  the  best  grazing  lands, 
and  her  stock  business  is  increasing  with  her  other  interests. 
There  are  already  88,000  cattle,  and  400,000  sheep  in  the  Ter- 
ritory, which  thrive  on  the  rich  gramma  grasses  growing  in 
the  valleys  and  on  the  hills.  Here  they  are  safe  from  the 
heavy  snows  of  the  more  northern  climes,  a  fact  that  will 
doubtless  make  Arizona  a  favorite  place  for  flocks  and  herds. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  59 


FLOKA  AND  FAUNA. 

The  flora  of  Arizona  embraces  many  varieties,  found  in  no 
other  part  of  the  United  States.  It  is  the  home  of  the  giant 
cactus,  a  plant  that  sometimes  attains  a  diameter  of  two  feet, 
and  grows  to  a  height  of  forty  feet.  It  has  a  pale  green  color, 
is  covered  with  thorns,  and  bears  a  fruit,  tasting  like  a  fig, 
which  is  prized  by  the  Indians.  The  Marguery,  or  Meschel, 
known  as  the  century  plant,  grows  every  where  in  Arizona; 
and  is  considered  one  of  the  most  valuable.  The  Indians 
make  ropes  from  its  fiber,  and  paper  is  also  manufactured  from 
it.  The  plant  sends  up  a  slender  stock,  ten  feet  high,  which 
produces  at  its  top  a  yellow  flower;  and  this,  when  cooked,  is 
considered  one  of  the  luxuries  of  the  red  man's  table.  They 
also  make  an  intoxicating  liquor  from  the  plant,  called 
"Tizivin." 

The  Bisnaga,  called  the  "Well  of  the  Desert,"  is  another  of 
Arizona's  flora — a  bowl  shaped  cavity  cut  in  the  center,  will 
soon  fill  with  water,  affording  the  thirsty  traveler  relief.  The 
Amole,  or  soap  weed,  grows  over  the  table-lands  of  Arizona, 
and  attains  a  height  of  four  teet.  Its  fiber  is  extensively  used 
for  cloth,  paper  and  ropes;  and  its  roots  make  a  good  substi- 
tute for  soap.  The  Hedeundilla,  or  grease  wood,  grows  here 
extensively;  from  which  a  gum  is  obtained  of  fine  medicinal 
qualities.  Cedar,  pine,  and  juniper,  are  abundant,  in  locali- 
ties; while  oak,  ash,  elder,  walnut  and  cottonwood,  are  found 
along  the  creeks  and  rivers.  The  mesquite  is  found  where  the 
soil  is  good.  It  is  a  close-grained  wood,  valuable  for  manu- 
facturing; and  makes  handsome  shade  trees.  The  ironwood 
resembles  the  mesquite,  admits  of  a  high  polish,  and  is  brittle, 
heavy,  and  hard;  and  when  dry  can  scarcely  be  cut. 

Among  the  fauna  of  Arizona  are  found  bear,  congar,  deer, 
antelope,  mountain  sheep,  foxes,  wild  cats,  beaver,  squirrels, 
etc.;  Of  birds,  there  are  eagles,  wild  turkeys,  ducks,  quails, 
partridge,  pigeons,  and  crows,  in  abundance.  Of  singers,  the 


60  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

mocking  birds,  and  vireos,  take  first  rank,  while  the  melodi- 
ous ?  hooting  of  the  owls  makes  night  hideous.  The  plu- 
mage of  the  birds  is  brilliant,  and  they  form  a  happy  contrast 
to  the  horned  toads,  lizards,  scorpions,  tarrantulas,  and  ugly 
beaded  monsters,  that  crawl  amid  the  rocks,  or  hide  beneath 
the  sand,  of  this  semi-tropical  Territory. 

The  manufacturing  interests  of  Arizona  are  very  limited, 
being  confined  chiefly  to  lumber  and  flour.  There  are  twelve 
flour  mills  and  thirteen  saw  mills  in  the  Territory,  one  ice  fac- 
tory, several  wagon  factories,  and  one  foundry,  at  Tombstone, 
where  castings  of  many  descriptions  are  made.  All  other  ar- 
ticles required,  are  imported;  while  their  wool,  hides,  gold, 
silver,  copper,  and  lead,  are  all  exported.  Wages  are  high; 
so  is  the  cost  of  living.  Laborers  get  13  per  day;  miners,  $4; 
blacksmiths  and  carpenters,  $5;  masons  and  engineers,  $0; 
and  the  supply  is  said  to  be  in  excess  of  the  demand.  For 
men  who  have  some  means,  Arizona,  like  all  the  States  and 
Territories  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  presents  many  advan- 
tages; but  for  those  who  have  to  depend  solely  upon  their  daily 
labor  it  is  not  a  paradise. 

TOWNS   AND   CITIES. 

Arizona  is  divided  into  ten  counties,  named  as  follows:  Mo- 
have,  Yavapai,  Apache,  Maricopa,  Final,  Gila,  Graham, 
Cachise,  Pima,  and  Yuma.  The  principal  towns  are  Tucson, 
Tombstone,  Prescott,  St.  Johns,  Galeyville,  Globe,  Florence, 
Juma,  Mineral  Park,  Final,  Harshaw,  Silver  King,  Charles- 
town,  Phoenix,  and  Safford.  The  largest  of  these  is  Tucson, 
which  has  a  population  of  7,500;  next  comes  Tombstone,  with 
her  6,000,  and  Prescott,  with  2,000.  The  business  of  Tucson, 
for  1880,  amounted  to  $7,000,000.  The  cities  and  towns  of 
Arizona,  like  all  those  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  cdntain 
an  active  and  energetic  population.  Most  of  them  are  sup- 
plied with  one  or  more  newspapers,  which  are  doing  much  to- 
ward making  the  resources  of  the  Territory  known.  Two 


Grand  Canon  of  the  Colorado,  (62OO  feet  deep.) 


Resources  of  the  jRoeky  Mo  an  tains. 


lines  of  railway  are  in  operation,  and  others  are  projected. 
The  Southern  Pacific  road  crosses  the  southern  portion  of  the 
Territory,  connecting,  by  stage  lines,  with  all  the  principal 
mining  camps.  The  Atlantic  &  Pacilie  road  will  puss  through 
the  north-central  portion  of  the  Territory .  This  line  extends 
westward  into  Arizona,  from  Albuquerque,  in  New  Mexico, 
where  it  connects  with  the  Atchison,  Topeku  &  Santa  Fe  Rail- 
way.  It  will,  probably,  be  completed  across  the  Territory 
during  the  present  year,  and  will  open  up  a  region  rich  in  min- 
erals, containing,  also,  fine  timber  and  grazing  lands. 

INDIANS. 

Arizona  has  within  her  borders  25,000  Indians.  These  are 
but  the  remnants  of  tribes  that  have  made  a  bloody  record. 
The  very  name,  "Apache,"  is  the  synonym  for  treachery  and 
blood.  Thanks  to  United  Status  muskets,  these  savages  were 
•conquered  in  1874,  by  General  Crook,  and  placed  on  reserva- 
tions. In  these  reservations  there  are  15,000  square  miles,  or 
0,000,000  acres  of  land.  But  the  day  is  not.  far  distant  when 
these  remnants  of  the  red  men  will  not  exist. 

MINERAL  RESOURCES. 

The  mineral  resources  of  Arizona,  like  those  of  the  entire 
region  of  the  Rockies,  arc  only  just  beginning  to  be  known; 
and  yet  the  production  of  the  Territory,  in  gold,  silver,  copper, 
and  lead,  for  1882,  was  $J  1,700,000,  giving  Arizona  the  fourth 
place  in  the  list.  As  the  Territory  is  full  of  mountains,  so  do 
the  mountains  seem  to  be  full  of  mineral;  and  gold,  silver, 
copper,  lead,  coal,  and  salt,  have  been  discovered,  Gold,  hero, 
is  mostly  found  in  veins  of  quartz;  sometimes  it  is  combined 
with  iron  and  copper  pyrites, while  from  placers,  in  the  beds  of 
some  streams  it  is  collected  in  a  pure  state.  Silver  is  found  here 
iu  nearly  all  its  combinations;  as  carbonates,  sulphureis,  chlor. 
,  bromides,  silver-glance  and  as  pure  metal.  The  proportion 


62  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

of  rich  galena  ores,  as  compared  with  those  of  Colorado  is  ex- 
tremely small,  yet,  of  other  silver  combinations,  there  are  an 
abundance.  The  copper  deposits  of  Arizona  are  probably  the 
finest  on  the  continent;  the  Lake  Superior  region,  not  ex- 
cepted.  Mining  may  be  said  to  have  recommenced,  in  this 
portion  of  New  Spain,  in  1860,  for  the  precious  metals  have 
been  known  to  exist  here  for  more  than  two  hundred  years, 
and  were  mined  at  that  time  by  the  Spaniards. 

TOMBSTONE  DISTRICT. 

In  Cachise  county  is  located  the  famous  Tombstone  district, 
which  is  five  miles  in  extent  from  north  to  south,  by  eight, 
from  east  to  west.  Here  silver  occurs,  mostly  as  a  chloride,  and 
the  present  output  is  about  $500,000  per  month.  The  Tough 
Nut  is  the  leading  mine,  and  has  a  twenty-foot  vein  of  mineral. 
Here,  also,  are  the  Grand'  Central,  Contention-Consolidated, 
Girard,  Head  Center,  Vizina,  Empire,  Tranquility,  Way  Up, 
Lucky  Cuss,  Gilded  Age,  Junietta,  Silver  Bell,  Monitor,  Mer- 
rirnac,  True  Blue,  Bradshaw,  etc.  These  are  the  chief  pro- 
ducing mines  of  the  district.  They  are  capitalized  for  from 
two  to  ten  millions  of  dollars  each,  and  have  veins  varying  in 
width  from  two  to  twenty  feet,  on  which  the  deepest  workings 
are  down  600  feet.  These  ores  pay  from  fifty  to  one  hundred 
dollars  per  ton,  and  the  output,  for  1882,  of  the  Contention- 
Consolidated,  was  $1,814,000;  while  that  of  the  Grand  Central 
was  $1,358,000,  and  of  the  Tombstone  Gold  and  Silver  Min- 
ing Co.,  $1,440,000.  The  California,  Turquoise,  Dos  Cabegas, 
Swishelm,  and  Hartford  districts,  in  this  county,  contain 
many  promising,  as  well  as  paying  mines.  Pima  county,  the 
oldest  mining  region  in  the  United  States,  has  in  the  Harshaw, 
Washington  Camp,  Tyndall,  Aztec,  Arivaca,  Oro  Blanco, 
Empire,  Silver  Hill,  Papago,  and  Helvetia  districts,  mines  of 
gold,  silver,  copper,  and  lead. 

Yavapai  county  is  the  leading  gold  producing  section  of 
the  Territory.  This  metal  is  found  in  nearly  every  portion  of 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  63 

its  mineral  belt,  and  in  the  beds  of  its  streams.  The  mining 
districts  here  are  the  Peck,  Tiger,  Tip  Top,  Hassayampa, 
Walker,  Big  Bug,  Groom  Creek,  -Cherry  Creek,  Weaver,  Mar- 
tinez, and  Silver  Mountain.  In  all  of  these  are  many  fine 
mining  properties.  The  veins  are  from  two  to  five  feet  wide, 
and  contain  rich  silver  and  copper  ores,  besides  those  of  gold. 
In  the  Weaver  district  the  Leviathan  has  an  immense  quartz 
ledge,  rich  in  gold,  and  it  is  estimated  that  2,000,000  tons  of 
ore  are  in  sight,  the  vein  being  300  feet  wide.  In  Final  county 
the  mining  districts  are  Pioneer,  the  Silver  King,  Mineral  Hill* 
Quarjarta,  Saddle  Mountain,  Randolph,  and  Casa  Grande. 

SILVER   KING. 

Here  the  Silver  King  is  the  royal  mine,  whose  ore  body,  in 
places,  is  eighty-five  feet  wide,  carrying  silver,  in  many  combi- 
nations. It  has  one  of  the  finest  seams  of  native  silver  ever  dis- 
covered, and  the  only  exhibits  of  native  silver  at  the  Denver 
Exposition  that  'compared  with  it,  came  from  Grant  county, 
New  Mexico,  and  from  Gunnison  county,  Colorado.  The  pro- 
duction of  this  mine,  for  1882,  was  $741,000.  Its  main  shaft  is 
down  nearly  700  feet. 

Gila  county  adjoins  Pinal  on  the  northeast,  and  has  the  same 
character  of  mineral.  G-old,  silver,  copper,  lead,  coal  and  iron 
are  found  here.  Its  mining  districts  are,  Globe,  Raymond 
Basin,  and  McMillenville.  The  ores  are  mostly  free-milling, 
and  are  rich  in  metal.  The  McMorris  mine,  in  Raymond 
Basin,  has  yielded  $400,000,  to  January,  1883. 

Mohave  county  has  its  full  share  of  minerals,  and  in  the 
districts  of  Hualapai,  Cerbat,  Stockton,  Maynard,  Cedar  Val- 
ley, Hackberry,  Sari  Francisco,  Gold  Basin,  Owens,  and  Green- 
wood, are  found  nearly  all  the  minerals  for  which  Arizona  is 
famous.  Over  $300, 000  have  been  taken  from  the  Hackberry 
mine,  and  $800,000  from  the  McCracken  lode.  In  these  dis- 
tricts, hundred  of  mines  are  being  worked  for  the  precious 
metals. 


64  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Yuma  county  contains  the  Castle-Dome  district,  and  those 
of  Montezuma,  Silver,  Ellsworth,  Plomosa,  Hearcuvar,  and 
Bill  Williams  Fork.  Gold  was  found  here,  in  placers,  as 
early  as  1862,  and  it  is  estimated  that  fully  $1,500,000  were 
taken  out  in  the  space  of  three  years.  The  mines  of  the  Cas- 
tle-Dome district  are  said  to  have  yielded  $2,000,000  up  to  the 
present  time,  in  silver. 

Maricopa  county  has  its  Cave  Creek,  Winnifred,  and  Myers 
districts,  all  more  or  less  rich  in  minerals.  The  Vulture  Mine, 
which  is  located  in  the  northwestern  portion  of  this  county, 
is  reported  to  have  produced  more  money  than  any  mine  in 
the  Territory,  its  yield  being  placed  at  $3,000,000. 

Graham  and  Apache  counties,  owing  to  difficulty  of  access, 
have  not  been  much  developed,  but  are,  nevertheless,  claimed 
to  be  rich  in  mineral  resources,  having  not  only  gold,  silver, 
lead,  iron,  and  copper,  but  great  coal  and  salt  deposits. 

COAL  AND  SALT  DEPOSITS. 

The  salt  deposits  of  Arizona  are  regarded  as  nearly  equal  to 
those  of  Utah.  A  hundred  miles  from  Phoenix,  on  Salt  River, 
there  is  a  mountain  of  salt.  Near  Camp  Verde,  there  are  a 
number  of  salt  hills.  Salt  lagoons  are  met  with  in  Apache 
county.  A  small  lake  from  which  1,000,000  pounds  are  taken 
annually,  is  in  this  county,  near  the  borders  of  New  Mexico. 
The  salt  is  found  at  the  bottom  of  the  shallow  water  into  which 
wagons  are  driven  and  the  salt  shoveled  up. 

The  coal  measures  of  the  Territory  are  extensive.  They  are 
found  in  the  northern  and  eastern  portions,  and  extend  both 
into  Utah,  on  the  north,  and  New  Mexico,  on  the  east.  It  is 
estimated  that  these  coal  measures  cover  an  area  of  30,000 
square  miles.  The  coal  is  bituminous,  and  is  considered  to  be 
of  good  quality,  burns  freely,  makes  a  hot  fire,  and  leaves  but 
few  ashes.  It  is  found,  also,  near  the  Painted  Desert,  in  Ya- 
vapai  county;  on  Deer  Creek,  near  the  Gila;  in  Pinal  county, 


Resources  of  the*Rocky  Mountains.  65 

east  of  the  San  Pedro  River,  and  near  Camp  Apache.  In  this 
coal  region  are  whole  forests  of  petrified  trees,  some  of  which 
are  reported  to  be  three  feet  in  diameter,,  and  fifty  feet  in 
length.  These  coal  measures  are  from  three  to  thirty  feet  in 
thickness,  and  are  sufficient  to  supply,  forever,  not  only  the 
wants  of  Arizona,  but  those  of  the  entire  Pacific  coast. 

COPPER  DEPOSITS. 

The  vast  resources  of  Arizona,  in  copper,  must  make  her  one 
of  the  richest  mining  regions  in  America.  At  Bisbee,  in  Oachise 
county,  are  the  rich  deposits  of  the  Copper  Queen  mine,  and  a 
host  of  other  promising  properties.  The  Queen's  vein  is  one 
hundred  and  twenty  feet  wide,  and  the  ore  averages  twenty-two 
percent,  pure  metal;  being  a  carbonate  and  a  red  and  black 
oxide.  Two  thirty-ton  smelters  are  turning  out  thirteen  tons  of 
pure  copper  daily,  and  the  mine  has  produced  $2,000,000  up  to 
January,  1883,  with  74,000  tons  of  ore  in  sight.  Pima  county 
has  rich  copper  ores,  in  the  Santa  Rita  range,  twenty-five 
miles  south  of  Tucson.  The  veins  vary  in  size;  some  being 
nearly  fifty  feet  wide,  yielding  fifteen  to  twenty  per  cent  of  pure 
copper.  The  Silver  Ball  district,  in  this  county,  has  immense 
deposits  of  copper.  Yavapai  county  contains  high  grade  cop- 
per ores,  in  various  places.  In  the  Black  Hills,  twenty-five 
miles  north-east  of  Prescott,  these  ores  are  being  mined  from 
veins  eight  to  sixteen  feet  wide.  In  Pinal  county,  on  Mineral 
Creek,  northeast  of  Florence,  are  many  rich  copper  mines. 
The  veins  vary  from  seven  to  fourteen  feet  in  width,  and  are 
said  to  average  twenty-five  per  cent,  pure  metal.  In  both  Mo- 
have  and  Yuma  counties,  there  are  also  rich  deposits  of  copper. 
In  the  Bill  Williams  Fork  district,  the  Planet  mine  has  pro- 
duced 6,000  tons  of  copper  ore,  which  has  yielded  from  twenty 
to  sixty  per  cent,  of  pure  copper.  In  Graham  county,  the 
Longfellow  copper  mines  are  already  famous.  A  mountain  of 
the  mineral  has  been  discovered  here,  and  ore  is  encountered 
in  whatever  direction  drifts  and  tunnels  have  been  run,  while 


66  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

thousands  of  tons  have  already  been  taken  from  the  mines. 
It  is  doubtful  if  there  are  any  deposits  of  copper  in  the  known 
world  superior  to  those  Arizona  possesses. 

THE   THREE  QUEENS. 

Colorado  is   the  Silver  Queen,  Utah  the  Iron  Queen,  and 
Arizona  the  Copper  Queen  of  the  Rockies. 


Mauve  Canon  of  the  Colorado. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  67 


NEW   MEXICO. 


The  Land  of  Montezuma  —  Its  Gold,  Silver,  Copper, 
Lead,  and  Other  Minerals— Its  Hot  Springs  and  Glo- 
rious Climate  a  Sanitarium  for  the  World— The  Land 
of  the  Vine  and  the  Grape  —  Vast  Grazing-  Re- 
sources, etc. 

The  word  "Mexico,"  has  been  a  name  of  enchantment.  More 
than  300  years  ago,  it  sent  a  thrill  of  excitement  through  the 
heart  of  every  Spaniard.  Its  mountains  of  silver  and  of  gold, 
had  not  only  been  a  dream  to  them,  but  became  a  substantial 
reality.  Under  the  conquering  banners  of  Hernando  Cortez, 
the  Spanish  cavaliers  traversed  its  plains,  and  rode  through  its 
valleys.  Here,  by  treachery  and  force,  they  acquired  both  gold 
and  glory.  From  its  streams  and  mountains,  they  gathered 
such  stores  of  the  precious  metals,  as  to  make  Spain  the  envy 
of  nations,  and  the  romance  of  the  ages.  As  Pizarro  had 
despoiled  the  Incas,  of  Peru,  of  their  treasures  in  gold,  silver, 
jewels,  and  plate;  so  did  Cortez  rob  Montezuma  of  the  long- 
accumulated  riches  of  his  kingdom,  and  bear  them  across  the 
ocean.  With  the  most  primitive  appliances,  the  Spaniards 
mined  the  precious  metals,  for  300  years;  and,  it  is  estimated, 
that  they  carried  away  from  Mexico  and  Peru,  from  the  year 
1500,  to  1800,  not  less  than  $6,000,000,000  worth  of  treasure; 
the  most  of  which  was  silver.  The  conquests  of  the  Spaniards 
in  the  Americas,  as  detailed  by  Prescott,  form  the  most  fasci- 
nating pages  in  the  history  of  the  New  World. 


68  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


FIRST    SETTLEMENTS   IN   AMERICA. 

Through  tradition,  we  learn  that  Mexico  was  peopled  by  a 
race  called  the  Toltecs,  from  the  seventh  to  the  twelfth  centu- 
ries; when  they  were  driven  south,  into  Central  America,  by 
the  more  warlike  race  of  the  Aztecs.  These  people  ruled  the 
country  until  the  time  of  Cortez;  and  the  ruins  of  their  an- 
cient cities  are  still  to  be  seen,  both  in  Arizona  and  the  Mex- 
icos.  The  first  Spanish  settlements  were  made  at  Santa  Fe, 
New  Mexico,  in  1555;  at  Tucson,  Arizona,  in  1560;  and  at  St. 
Augustine,  Florida,  in  1565.  The  empire  of  Montezuma  fell 
in  1521,  but  the  Spaniards  were  too  much  occupied  with  war 
and  plunder  to  make  any  permanent  settlement  until  that  at 
Santa  Fe,  in  1555. 

The  Territory  of  New  Mexico  was  ceded  to  the  United 
States,  by  Mexico,  in  1854,  und?r  the  (ruadalupe  Hidalgo  treaty 
and  the  Gadsen  purchase.  It  then  contained  the  Territory  of 
Arizona,  and  the  southern  portion  of  Colorado.  New  Mexico 
is  situated  between  the  31st  and  37th  parallels  of  north  lati- 
tude, and  the  103d  and  109th  degrees  of  west  longitude.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  north  by  Colorado,  east  by  Texas  and  the  In- 
dian Territory,  south  by  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  west  by  Ari- 
zona. Its  length  is  372  miles,  and  breadth  335  miles;  and  is 
in  the  form  of  a  quadrangle.  It  contains  121,201  square  miles, 
or  77,568,640  acres,  and  has  a  population  of  130,000  souls. 

ORIGIN   OF   THE   MEXICANS. 

The  Spaniards  freely  mingled  their  blood  with  that  of  the 
dusky  Indian  maidens  and  the  result  is  the  Mexicans,  a  reckless, 
dare-devil  set  of  fellows,  proud  and  ignorant,  fantastic  and 
cruel.  The  majority  of  the  people  speak  the  Spanish  language, 
but  not  in  its  purity.  There  are  still  several  Indian  tribes 
within  the  Territory,  the  chief  of  which  are  the  Navajos  num- 
bering 12,000.  The  roving  bands,  who  were  so  long  a  terror  to 
the  inhabitants,  have  at  last  been  conquered;  and  the  other  des- 


Resources  of  the  Eoeky  Mountains.  69 

peradoes  either  killed  or  expelled  from  the  country,  so  that  life 
and  property  are  now  considered  safe.  With  the  influx  of 
American  capital  and  enterprise,  New  Mexico  seems  destined 
to  a  mighty  future.  Several  lines  of  railway  are  already  in 
operation.  The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  traverses  the 
Territory  from  north  to  south;  the  Denver  &  Rio  Grands  cuts 
into  its  northern  border;  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific  opens  up  the 
the  northwestern  portion;  while  the  Southern  Pacific  runs 
through  the  southwestern  section,  on  its  way  to  the  Pacific 
Coast.  By  means  of  these  highways  of  commerce,  towns  and 
villages  are  springing  into  existence;  and  the  mineral,  agricul- 
tural, and  grazing  resources  of  the  country,  are  being  appro- 
priated and  developed. 

CLIMATE   AND    MINERAL   SPRINGS. 

The  climate  of  New  Mexico,  like  that  of  the  entire  Rocky 
Mountain  region,  is  arid.  The  mean  temperature,  for  seven 
years,  taken  at  Santa  Fe,  was  47  deg.  P.,  and  the  average  an- 
nual rainfall,  for  the  same  period,  13.42  inches.  The  air  is 
extremely  pure,  and  as  a  sanitarium  the  Territory  has  no  su- 
perior. The  number  of  bright,  clear  days  in  the  year  is  said 
to  be  over  300.  A  few  light  showers  come  and  go  quickly,  and 
•drizzling  days  are  unknown.  Extreme  heat  is  rarely  experi- 
enced, owing  to  the  high  altitude,  and  the  refreshing  breezes 
from  the  mountains.  The  Territory  has  many  fine  mineral 
and  medicinal  springs,  the  chief  of  which  are  the  Las  Vegas 
Hot  Springs;  the  Ojo  Calients;  the  Jemez;  and  Hudson's 
Hot  Springs;  these  are  all  accessible  by  rail,  or  stage;  and 
comfortable  hotels,  and  bath-houses  are  connected  with  each. 
The  temperature  of  the  water,  at  two  of  the  Las  Vegas  Springs 
is  123  deg.,  F.j  at  the  other  130  deg.,  F.  The  four  Ojo  Oal- 
iente  Springs  have  a  temperature  of  114  deg.,  P.;  while  that 
of  the  Jemez  spring  is  1G8  deg.,  F.  The  Montuznma  Hotel, 
at  Las  Vegas  springs,  is  built  in  Queen  Anne  style,  and  con- 
tains 250  rooms.  It  has  all  the  comforts  and  luxuries  of  other 


70  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

first-class  hostelries.  These  springs  are  justly  becoming  a 
favorite  resort  with  the  people  of  the  States. 

MOUNTAINS   AND   PLATEAUS. 

.  The  surface  of  New  Mexico  consists  of  elevated  plateaus, 
mountains,  and  valleys.  These  plateaus  cover  two-thirds  of 
the  face  of  the  country,  and  have  a  mean  elevation  of  about 
5,000  feet,  while  the  mean  elevation  of  the  entire  Territory,  is 
5,600  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Baron  Humboldt  says 
of  the  country  between  Santa  Fe,  in  New  Mexico,  and  the  City 
of  Mexico:  "We  are  led  to  ask,  whether,  in  the  whole  world, 
there  exists  any  similar  formation  of  equal  extent  and  height 
between  5,000  and  7,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Four 
wheeled  wagons  can  travel  from  Mexico  to  Santa  Fe."  Another 
authority  says:  "Four-wheeled  carriages  may  travel  these  high 
plateaus  from  the  Isthmus  of  Tehuantepec  to  Santa  Fe,  a  dis- 
tance of  over  one  thousand  four  hundred  miles."  The  Rocky 
Mountain  ranges  sweep  down  into  New  Mexico  from  the  north, 
diminishing  in  altitude  as  they  pass  southward,  until  they  strike 
the  broken  ranges  of  a  more  recent  formation,  which  extend 
into  Texas  and  Mexico.  On  the  eastern  border  are  the  high  table 
lands,  known  as  Llano  Estacado,  or  Staked  Plains.  Immedi- 
ately joining  these,  lie  the  ranges  of  the  Manzana,  Jumanes, 
Caballo,  Fra  Cristobal,  San  Andres,  Oscura,  Sandia,  and  the 
Organ  Mountains.  To  the  west  of  the  Rio  Grande  river,  ex- 
tending north  and  south,  are  the  broken  ranges  of  the  Cone- 
jos,  Tierra-Armarilla,  San  Mateo,  Madalenas,  Socorras,  and 
the  now  famous  Miembres  and  Black  ranges;  while  still  fur- 
thur  west,  upon  the  Arizona  border,  are  the  ranges  of  the 
Continental  divide;  known  as  the  Zuni,  Datil,  Escudilla,  Mo- 
gollon,  Tulerosa,  and  Peloncillo  mountains.  These  ranges 
rise  from  2,000  to  5,000  feet  above  the  plateaus,  at  their  base; 
some  of  the  peaks,  as  Mt.  Taylor,  rising  to  11,200  feet,  and 
Mt.  Baldy,  near  Santa  Fe,  to  12,200  feet  above  the  ocean.  Like 
those  of  the  Rockies  elsewhere,  they  have  a  general  trend 


Camping  in  the  Mesa  Verde. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  71 

north  and  south;  and,  like  them,  also  contain  vast  stores  of 
mineral  wealth. 

RIVERS. 

The  chief  river  of  New  Mexico  is  the  Rio  Grande;  which 
rises  in  Southern  Colorado,  and  passes  south,  through  the  cen- 
ter of  the  Territory;  leaving  it  to  become  the  boundary  line 
between  Texas  and  Mexico,  until  it  pours  its  waters  into  the 
Gulf.  The  next  river  in  importance  is  the  Pecos,  which  rises 
m  the  Rocky  Range,  southeast  of  Santa  Fe,  runs  due  'south, 
through  the  Territory,  and  joins  the  Rio  Grande  in  Texas. 
Then,  there  are  the  headwaters  of  the  Canadian,  San  Juan, 
Colorado-Chiquito,  and  theGila  rivers,  traversing  respectively 
the  northeastern  and  western  half  of  the  Territory.  These, 
with  their  tributaries,  form  the  drainage  system  of  New  Mexico. 
What  agricultural  land  the  Territory  possesses,  is  confined  to 
these  valleys;  where  water  for  irrigation  can  be  had,  and  by 
this  processs,  cereals,  fruits,  grapes  and  vegetables  are  grown. 
Oats  are  said  to  yield  40  bushels  to  the  acre,  and  wheat  to  weigh 
68  pounds  to  the  bushel,  the  berry  being  exceedingly  large  and 
plump.  Corn,  barley,  buckwheat,  etc.,  do  well.  Apples,  peaches, 
pears,  plums,  quinces,  and  apricots,  grow  in  profusion;  pro- 
ducing every  year.  Both  trees  and  fruit  are  free  from  dam- 
aging insects.  The  vine  flourishes  here,  and  grapes  are  simply 
perfection.  About  1,000  vines  are  planted  to  the  acre,  and  a 
vineyard  three  years  old,  it  is  claimed,  will  produce  16,000 
pounds  of  grapes,  equal  to  800  gallons  of  wine,  per  acre.  Veg- 
etables grow  to  great  size,  and  are  of  superior  quality.  Peas 
and  beans  produce  enormously,  and  the  latter  are  raised  as  a 
leading  crop.  Of  onions,  it  is  reported,  50,000  pounds  can  be 
produced  to  the  acre,  which  are  larger,  better  flavored,  and  in 
every  way  surpass  the  far-famed  Bermudas. 

SHEEP   AND  CATTLE. 

The  grazing  area  of  the  Territory  is  immense;  and  stock- 
raising  is  carried  on  extensively.  There  are  500,000  cattle, 


72  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

and  5,000,000  sheep  within  its  boundaries.  As  the  grasses  are 
nutritious,  and  the  climate  mild  and  equable,  it  is  a  desirable 
country  for  the  grazing  of  herds.  Here  they  are  free  from  the 
biting  blasts  and  the  driving  snows  of  the  more  northern  climes; 
subsisting  entirely  upon  the  rich  gramma  grasses  and  alfalfa, 
requiring  no  other  food,  nor  any  shelter.  The  average  profit 
from  stock  raising,  on  such  fine  ranges,  is  stated  to  exceed  30 
per  cent.,  on  the  investment.  There  is  a  ready  sale  for  all 
marketable  stock.  The  wool  clip  is  heavy,  for  5,000,000  sheep, 
averaging  3  pounds  per  head,  gives  15,000,000  pounds  an- 
nually, for  the  Territory.  The  amount  of  wool  consumed 
yearly  in  the  United  States  amounts  to  300,000,000  pounds;  of 
which  50,000,000  pounds  are  imported.  Water  can  be  had 
upon  the  plains  by  boring,  and  with  windmills  to  pump  it  to 
the  surface,  the  grazing  area,  which  is  only  partially  occupied, 
can  be  largely  increased.  Forest  cover  the  higher  mountains, 
and  sufficient  timber  can  probably  be  had  for  local  purposes; 
yet  the  forests  are  not  so  extensive  as  those  of  Colorado,  nor  is 
the  timber  as  large  or  valuable.  It  consists,  mainly,  of  pinon 
pine  and  cedar;  white  oak,  ash,  maple,  and  black  walnut,  are 
found  in  a  few  places,  but  in  very  limited  supply.  In  the  way 
of  manufacturing  very  little  is  done.  There  are  twenty-four 
lumber  and  fifty-five  flouring  mills  in  New  Mexico;  yet  one 
mill  like  the  average  Minnesota  grinder,  or  Michigan  saw  mill, 
would  produce  more  than  all  of  them. 

FILAGREE  GOLD  AND  SILVER  JEWELRY. 

New  Mexico,  however,  excels  in  the  manufacture  of  filagree 
gold  and  silver  jewelry.  This  art,  the  Spaniards  are  said  to 
have  derived  from  the  Italians,  and  to  have  brought  it  with 
them  into  Mexico.  The  principal  places  where  it  is  carried  on 
are  at  Santa  Fe,  and  at  the  City  of  Mexico,  and  Chihuahua,  in 
old  Mexico.  The  articles  manufactured  are  combs,  ear  and 
finger-rings,  scarf  and  shawl  pins,  bracelets,  breast  pins,  card 
and  spectacle  cases,  match  boxes,  ornaments  for  the  hair,  etc. 


Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains.  73 

These  are  all  very  beautiful,  the  workmanship  being  exceed- 
ingly delicate,  and  are  purchased  freely  by  tourists,  and  borne 
away  as  sourvenirs. 

TOWNS  AND  COUNTIES. 

The  Territory  is  divided  into  twelve  counties,  named:  Taos, 
Rio  Arriba,  Colfax,  Mora,  San  Miguel,  Santa  Fe,  Bernalillo, 
Valencia,  Socorro,  Lincoln,  Grant,  and  Dona  Ana.  The  prin- 
cipal towns  are,  Santa  Fe,  Las  Vegas,  Albuquerque,  George- 
town, Silver  City,  Las  Cruces,  Cimarron,  La  Mesilla,  Socorro, 
Mora,  Raton,  Los  Lunas,  Tierra-Amarilla,  Taos,  White  Oaks, 
Cerillos,  Chloride  and  Derning.  These  have  a  population  from 
500  to  9,000  each,  JSaiita  Fe  being  the  largest.  The  prevailing 
religion  is  Roman  Catholic.  Education  is  compulsory  for  five 
months  in  the  year,  but  their  school  system  is  very  incomplete. 
There  are  thirty-six  daily,  weekly,  and  monthly  papers  and 
periodicals  published  in  the  Territory,  most  of  which  are  de- 
voted to  its  interests. 

MINERAL  RESOURCES. 

The  mineral  resources  of  New  Mexico  are  rapidly  becoming 
known  to  the  world.  The  precious  metals  are  found,  more  or 
less,  all  over  the  Territory,  but  especially  in  the  southern  and 
central  portions.  Besides  gold  and  silver,  copper,  lead,  iron, 
manganese,  plumbago,  fireclay,  coal,  mica,  salt,  gypsum,  soda, 
lime,  kaoline,  cement,  sulphur,  marble,  etc. ;  there  are  found 
such  precious  stones  as  turquoise,  opals,  garnets,  agates,  and 
emeralds. 

COAL. 

Coal  has  been  discovered  at  Raton,  in  Colfax  county;  on 
the  San  Juan  River,  at  Almargo;  on  the  Rio  Galisto,  near 
Santa  Fe;  in  Valencia  county,  on  the  line  of  the  Atlantic 
&  Pacific  Railway;  at  San  Antonio  and  Bernalillo,  on  the  line 
of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railway;  while  in  both 


74  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Grant  and  San  Miguel  counties  there  are  extensive  beds.  These 
coals  are  bituminous,  semi-bituminous,  lignites,  and  anthra- 
cite; and  vary  in  thickness  from  one  to  eight  feet,  most  of 
them  being  thick  enough  to  work.  In  the  thickness  of  the 
coal  measures,  New  Mexico  is  far  behind  Wyoming,  Utah,  Ari- 
zona, and  Colorado.  Of  these  coal  measures  Professor  .Wilbur, 
of  Chicago,  says: 

"We  trace  the  same  system  to  the  west  and  southward  to 
Cimarron,  New  Mexico;  thence  to  Santa  Fe  and  beyond;  where 
this  system  of  coal  deposits  has  been  changed  to  anthracite  by 
the  same  forces  or  causes  as  have  produced  the  anthracite  coal 
fields  of  Pennsylvania.  The  coals  of  this  region,  wiiich  may 
be  referred  to  as  the  Trinidad  coals  of  Colorado,  because,  by 
that  name  they  are  readily  known,  are  much  superior  to  the 
Colorado  coals  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Canon  City  and 
Denver.  They  are  by  far  the  best  that  have  been  discovered 
in  the  Eocky  Mountains.  They  are  equal  to  the  best  bitumin- 
ous coals  in  Illinois,  Ohio,  or  Pennsylvania." 

Professor  Sewell  says  of  this  Trinidad  coal,  found  both  in 
southeastern  Colorado,  and  northeastern  New  Mexico:  "It 
yields  splendid  illuminating  gas.  For  locomotive  use  these 
coals  must  rank  among  the  very  best.  The  coke  is  the  most 
firm  and  persistent  of  any  I  have  ever  seen." 

But  the  following  analysis,  by  Professor  Hayden,  of  coals  in 
the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  shows  that  those  of  New  Mexico 
are  not  equal  in  quality  to  those  of  Colorado,  Wyoming,  or 
California.  The  amount  of  fixed  carbon  in  the  coals  of  Gun- 
nison  county,  Colorado;  "Mount  Carbon,  70.98;  Slate  River, 
74;  Anthracite  Creek,  80;  Crested  Butte,  72.60;  while  those 
of  Canon  City  have  56.80;  Trinidad,  57.60,  and  Boulder,  59.20. 
Those  of  Mount  Diablo,  California,  59.72,  and  of  Evanston, 
Wyoming,  69.14."  Professor  Sewell  gives  the  amount  of  fixed 
carbon  in  New  Mexico  coals,  as  53.22. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  75 


GOLD,    SILVER,    AND   COPPER. 

Taos  county  has  in  the  districts  of  Picuris,  Arrovo  Hondo, 
and  Rio  Hondo,  mineral  veins  that  abound  in  gold,  silver,  and 
copper;  but  the  amount  of  development  is  small.  On  the  Rio 
Hondo  there  are  extensive  placers,  which  are  worked  by  the  hy- 
draulic process.  In  an  old  church,  at  Taos,  there  is  a  record, 
which  asserts  that  the  priests  collected  $10,000,000  from  a  single 
mine  in  the  Taos  mountains.  Colfax  county  has  many  rich 
placers,  which  were  discovered  in  1868,  and  have  been  worked 
ever  since.  The  chief  of  these  are  the  Moreno  placers;  also  the 
rich  gulches  of  Willow,  Grouse,  Michigan,  Humbug,  and  Big 
Nigger.  In  the  Ute  district,  the  Aztec  mine  is  said  to  have  pro- 
duced $700,000.  On  the  Ponil,  there  are  silver  and  gold  quartz 
leads,  three  feet  thick,  that  are  reported  to  yield  fifty  per  cent, 
copper.  The  precious  metal  product  of  this  county,  since  1868,, • 
is  estimated  at  $3,000,000.  Mora  county,  which  is  covered  by 
the  "Mora  Grant,"  is  undeveloped,  but  is  believed  to  be  rich 
in  mineral,  as  gold,  silver,  copper,  antimony,  and  petroleum, 
have  been  found.  Rio  Arriba  county  claims  to  have  copper, 
lead,  iron,  mica,  silver,  and  gold,  and  that  it  is  the  true  "El- 
dorado." Here  the  remains  of  Spanish  enterprise  are  found, 
in  the  shape  of  old  mines,  works,  and  smelters.  In  San  Mi- 
guel county,  though  little  explored,  gold  has  been  panned  from 
the  sands  of  its  streams;  and  in  the  Tecolote  Mountains, 
the  Mining  districts  of  Mineral  Hill,  Blue  Canon,  .Sweep- 
stakes, and  San  Carlos  exist.  The  ores  are  low  grade,  but 
are  abundant.  A  large  vein  of  copper  has  recently  been  dis- 
covered in  these  mountains. 

MICA    MINES. 

Mica,  of  good  quality,  has  been  found  here;  and  as  tnica 
is  worth  about  six  dollars  per  pound  in  the  market,  this  may 
become  an  important  industry. 

New  Hampshire  and  North  Carolina  are  the  present  sources 
of  supply  in  the  United  States;  and,  although  it  has  been  dis- 


76  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


covered  in  many  places  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  yet  the  major 
part  consumed  is  imported.  Santa  Fe  County  has  in  the 
Marshall  Bonanza,  at  Bonanza  City,  a  fine  silver  lead  mine. 
Carbonateville  is  the  center  of  the  Los  Cerrillos  district,  where 
are  located  the  Mina  Del  Tierra,  Chester,  Cash  Entry,  Great 
Western,  and  Good  Hope  mines.  Ore  from  some  of  these  is 
said  to  have  realized  $500  per  ton.  There  is  great  scarcity  of 
water  here,  and  wells  have  been  sunk  to  a  depth  of  150  feet 
without  finding  it.  In  the  center  of  this  district  is  Mt.  Chal- 
chuitl,  the  Mexican  name  for  turquoise.  This  mountain  has 
the  white  color  of  kolin,  its  crystalline  structure  having  been 
completely  metamorphosed.  In  this  kaolin-like  rock  turquoise 
is  found  in  thin  veinlets  and  nuggets.  Occasionally  fine  sky- 
blue  stones  are  taken  out,  suitable  for  jewelry,  but  tons  of  rock 
may  be  broken  without  finding  a  gem.  The  color  is  owing  to 
the  diffusion  of  a  little  copper. 

WONDERFUL   CAVES. 

There  are  wonderful  caves  in  this  mountain,  the  result  of 
ancient  Mexican  and  Spanish  exploration.  Fragments  of  an- 
cient pottery  have  been  discovered  here,  and  a  stone  hammer, 
weighing  twenty  pounds,  which  must  have  required  a  Mexican 
Hercules  to  handle.  In  one  other  place,  in  the  United  States, 
turquoise  has  been  found,  viz:  in  the  Columbus  district,  Ne- 
vada. Hungry  Gulch,  contains  rich  ores.  San  Pedro  is  in  a 
basin,  surrounded  by  mountains  clothed  with  timber.  Water 
has  been  brought  from  the  Sandia  Mountains,  at  an  expense 
of  $500,000,  for  the  purpose  of  working  placers.  The  earth 
is  said  to  yield  gold  from  grass  roots  to  bed  rock.  The  Big 
Copper  Mine,  as  it  is  called,  is  here  worked  by  a  tunnel.  It  is 
one  of  the  old  Spanish  mines,  and  thousands  of  tons  are  piled 
up  feady  for  the  smelter.  Gold  is  iound  with  the  copper,  in- 
creasing its  value.  The  New  Placers  are  known  to  be  rich, 
but  scarcity  of  water  prevents  development.  The  well-known 
Delgado  mine  produces  both  gold  and  copper.  Bernalillo 
county  contains  some  valuable  old  Spanish  mines.  Nearly  all 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  77 

kinds  of  mineral  are  found  here,  while  crystalized  gypsum,  in 
quantity,  has  been  discovered  in  the  southern  portion.  There 
are  rich  deposits  of  iron  here,  as  well  as  in  other  parts  of  the 
Territory,  in  proximity  to  coal.  Among  the  mining  districts 
in  this  county,  is  Hell  Canon.  Indeed,  for  elegant  names,  the 
West  can  beat  the  world.  Here  the  chief  mine  is  the  Star. 
The  ores  are  free  milling,  and  are  worth  from  twelve  to  twenty 

dollars  per  ton,  the  veins  being  from  eight  to  twenty  feet  wide. 

i 

COPPER   TREES. 

Wood  and  water  can  here  be  obtained.  Tigeras  Canon  district 
has  ores  of  copper,  lead,  and  silver,  and  development  has  only 
just  begun.  Nacimiento,  is  in  a  range  of  mountains  of  the 
same  name,  where  copper  occurs  as  copper  glance,  and  gray 
copper,  in  ledges  of  sandstone.  In  places,  copper  occurs  here 
as  copper  trees,  in  immense  lodes  of  conglomerate.  The  Eu- 
reka tunnel  has  a  vein,  twelve  feet  wide,  averaging  twenty-five 
per  cent,  copper.  Valencia  county  contains  the  districts  of 
Ladrones,  where  are  immense  deposits  of  low  grade  galena 
ores;  Spiegelberg  Springs  with  its  rich  copper  ores;  and  La 
Joya,  with  its  ores  carrying  both  silver  and  gold.  Socorro  con- 
tains remarkably  rich  silver  and  copper  ores,  some  of  the  latter 
having  assayed  from  forty  to  seventy  per  cent,  pure  metal; 
while  the  principal  silver  veins  assay  from  $60  to  $300  per  ton. 

THE   BLACK    RAKGE. 

The  famous  Black  Range,  which  includes  the  Mimbres  Moun- 
tains, pass  through  the  western  half  of  this  county.  The  tops 
of  these  mountains  are  densely  timbered  with  pine  and  juni- 
per, which  gives  them  the  dark  appearance,  that,  no  doubt, 
suggested  the  name.  The  mines  here  have  an  elevation  of 
6,000  or  7,000  feet  above  the  sea,  and  were  discovered  in  1880. 
The  veins  occur  in  limestone  and  trachyte,  and  the  ores  are 
generally  a  silver  glance  or  chloride,  with  some  native  silver. 
Gold  is  found  in  different  localities;  also  coal,  zinc,  and  lead, 


78  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

of  which  there  are  large  deposits;  sulphur,  nearly  pure,  alu- 
minum, kaolin^  fire  clay,  marble  of  superior  quality,  mica, 
graphite,  chalk,  salt,  etc. ;  nearly  all  the  known  minerals  are 
here  reported.  Lincoln  county  has,  for  the  center  of  her  min- 
ing section,  White  Oaks.  The  veins  are  quartz,  containing 
gold.  The  Homestake  is  the  chief  mine,  and  mills  are  build- 
ing to  crush  the  ores,  which  are  exceedingly  rich.  The  mining 
camps  of  this  county  are  Nogal,  Jacarilla,  Gallinas,  Vera 
Cruz,  and  Rio  Bonita.  Here  are  evtenslve  coal  fields,  while 
the  mountains  are  well  timbered  with  pinion-pine,  spruce,  and 
cedar.  Grant  county  has  several  rich  mining  districts;  that  of 
Victoria  contains  decomposed  sulphates  and  carbonates.  The 
formation  is  lime,  with  iron  croppings,  and  the  ores  are  found 
near  the  surface.  They  are  said  to  average  $80  in  silver  to  the 
ton,  with  thirty  per  cent.  lead. 

SAND    CARBONATES. 

Sand  carbonates  are  found  here  in  immense  deposites.  Car- 
rissillio,  or  the  Stonewall  district,  has  true  fissure  veins  carry- 
ing high  grade  mineral,  as  silver  glance  brittle  and  horn  silver, 
and  copper.  One  vein  is  represented  as  averaging  over  $600 
in  silver  to  the  ton.  The  Hermonos  district  contains  rich 
chloride  ores.  The  veins  are  in  low  hills,  where  wood  and 
water  can  be  obtained.  The  Eureka,  ^North  and  South  San 
Simon  districts;  abound  in  hard  and  soft  carbonates,  copper, 
gold,  and  silver.  The  veins  are  from  ten  to  one  hundred  feet 
in  width;  timber  and  water  can  be  had,  while  snow  and  ice  are 
never  seen.  The  Virginia,  Leitendorfs,  and  Lona  Mountain 
districts  are  rich  in  argentiferous  galena,  carbonate  of  copper, 
copper  glance,  gray  capper,  chlorides,  sulphurets,  silver  glance, 
and  native  silver.  The  deepest  workings  are  only  down  125 
feet.  The  Pinos  Altos,  East  Pinos  Altos,  and  Gillespie  dis- 
tricts have  true  fissure  veins,  carrying  gold  and  silver,  the  lat- 
ter predominating.  The  top  of  the  veins  are  free  milling  gold, 
to  a  depth  of  sixty  feet,  when  they  run  into  iron  and  cop- 
per pyrites,  and  will  require  to  be  smelted.  Cook's  Eange, 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  79 

Florida  Mountain,  and  Central  City  districts,  contain  enor- 
mous beds  of  galena  and  carbonate  ores,  as  well  as  low  grade 
gold  ores,  which  will  pay  $10  to  $4-0  per  ton.  The  Santa  Rita 
copper  district  contains  mines  that  were  discovered  in  the  year 
1800,  and  the  copper  was  transported  to  the  Royal  Mint  in  the 
City  of  Mexico,  for  coinage.  It  is  reported  to  be  one  of  the 
richest  deposits  of  red  oxide  of  copper  known.  Veins  of  sheet 
copper  aie  met  with  from  one-eighth  of  an  inch,  to  two  inches 
in  thickness,  while  nuggets  of  copper  have  been  found  weigh- 
ing from  twenty  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  each.  The 
Silver  City,  Georgetown,  and  Shakespeare  districts,  all  have 
rich  veins  of  ore,  as  yet  scarcely  touched.  In  the  Silver  City 
district,  in  the  76"  mine,  there  is  a  body  of  silver-bearing  slate. 
This  has  been  cut  into  by  a  tunnel,  and  horn  silver  found  all 
through  the  slate;  while  in  the  seams  are  sheets  of  native  silver 
thin  as  tissue  paper.  In  this  slate  are  also  found  round  balls 
of  nearly  pure  silver,  in  size  from  a  grain  of  wheat  to  an  al- 
mond. In  Dona  Ana  county  are  the  Portrillas,  Jarilla,  and 
the  now  famous  Percha  and  Lake  Valley  districts;  the  discov- 
eries in  the  two  last  being  the  mining  sensation  of  1882. 

THE    SIERRA    GRANDE   MINE. 

The  Sierra  Grande  mine,  located  here,  is  paying  dividends  of 
$100,000  per  month,  on  a  capitalization  of  $10,000,000.  The 
ore  is  a  red  oxide,  with  chloride  of  silver,  in  dark  masses.  One 
specimen,  weighing  640  pounds,  and  valued  at  $7,000,  from 
the  "Bridal  Chamber,"  was  on  view  at  the  Denver  Exposition- 
On  the  18th  of  August,  $130,000  worth  of  ore  was  taken  from 
this  Bridal  Chamber,  by  eight  men,  in  eight  hours.  That  the 
mine  is  a  steady  producer  is  the  best  evidence  of  its  worth. 
The  Sierra  properties  cover  a  space  3,000  by  6,000  feet,  and 
the  companies  are  the  Sierra  Grande,  Sierra  Apache,  and  Sierra 
Bella,  with  a  total  capitalization  of  $20,000,000.  A  fine  stamd 
mill  has  been  erected,  and  work  has  begun  in  good  earnest- 


80  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

One  million  dollars'  worth  of  mineral  has  been  taken  from 
the  Sierra  Grande  from  August  1,  1882,  to  February  1,  1883. 
The  ore  reserves  are  estimated  at  $5,000,000.  The  Bridal 
Chamber  is  a  mass  of  silver  so  rich  that  it  can  be  cut  with  a 
knife,  or  from  which  globules  can  be  melted  by  the  flame  of  a 
candle.  If  this  deposit  proves  to  be  extensive,  it  is  certainly 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  the  world. 


Amid  the  Forests  of  Wyoming-. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  81 


WYOMING. 


"The  Large  Plains"— Resources  of  Undeveloped  Wealth 
— Lakelets  of  Solidified  Soda,  Mountains  of  Iron,  and 
Acres  of  Magnesia. — Five  Thousand  Square  Miles  of 
Coal.— Vast  Herds  of  Cattle  and  Sheep.— The  Climate 
and  Agricultural  Conditions.  —  The  Yellowstone  Na- 
tional Park. 

By  reference  to  Miner's  history  of  Wyoming,  Pennsylvania, 
we  find  the  following  in  regard  to  the  derivation  of  the  name: 
"The  name,  Wyoming,  was  long  supposed  to  mean,  "A  field 
of  blood  ;"  but  Mr.  Heckelwelder,  perfectly  versed  in  Indian 
language,  to  the  inquiry  of  Mr.  Chapman,,  replied:  "  Wyoming 
is  a  corruption  of  Maughwanwama,  by  which  it  was  designated 
by  the  Delaware  Indians;  being  a  compound  of  "Maughwan," 
meaning  large,  and  "wama,"  signifying  plains;  so  that  it  may 
be  translated,  "The  Large  Plains. ":  Wyoming,  is  a  portion  of 
the  once  famous  Territory  of  Louisiana,  purchased  by  the 
United  States  from  France,  in  1804.  It  was  organized  a  Ter- 
ritory, by  act  of  Congress,  July  25,  1868,  from  portions  of 
Idaho,  Dakota,  and  Utah.  The  first  settlements  were  at  Forts 
Laramie  and  Bridger,  and  the  present  population  numbers 
25,000.  The  Sioux  Indians  formerly  occupied  the  northern 
half  of  the  Territory;  but  having  been  removed  by  the  govern- 
ment, the  only  Indians,  now  remaining,  are  the  Shoshones, 
numbering  1,300;  and  the  Arapahoes,  1,000.  These  are  both 
friendly;  and  being  located  on  the  Wind  River  Reservation, 
are  making  some  progress  in  the  raising  of  cattle,  but  none  in 
agriculture. 


82  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


BOUNDARIES   AND    ELEVATION. 

The  territory  of  Wyoming  is  included  between  the  41st  and 
45th  parallels  of  latitude;  and  the  104th  and  lllth  meridians 
of  longitude,  west  from  Greenwich.  It  is  bounded,  on  the 
north,  by  Montana;  east,  by  Dakota  and  Nebraska;  south,  by 
Colorado  and  Utah;  and  west,  by  Utah,  Idaho,  and  Montana. 
Its  length,  from  east  to  west,  is  350  miles,  and  breadth,  275 
miles;  with  an  area  of  97;8S3  square  miles;  equal  to  62,645,120 
acres.  The  greater  part  of  its  area  lies  from  4,000  to  8,000 
feet  above  the  sea;  its  mean  elevation  being  6,400  feet.  Its 
lowest  altitude  is  3,500  feet;  and  its  greatest,  Cloud  Peak, 
14,000  feet  above  the  ocean.  This  Territory  is  a  region  of  vast 
undulating  plains,  some  riding  gradually,  and  others  abruptly, 
into  mountain  ranges,  which  have  a  general  trend  from  north- 
west to  southeast.  These  ranges  are  elevated  into  many  lofty 
peaks;  which,  snow  capped,  become  monitors  of  the  sky.  The 
southwestern  and  western  portions  of  the  Territory  are  the 
highest,  sloping  to  the  north  and  east.  Of  the  mountains,  the 
Black  Hills  occupy  the  northeastern  corner  of  the  Territory, 
extending  over  into  Dakota.  Some  one  has  called  this  group 
"An  Island  of  Granite,"  being  surrunded  by  rolling  plains  for 
hundreds  of  miles.  Then  come  the  Laramie  and  Big  Horn 
Mountains;  further  west  are  the  Snow,  Elk,  Seminole  and 
Rattlesnake  ranges;  while  the  great  Rocky  Range  is  composed 
of  the  Wind  River,  Sweet  Water,  and  Sierra  Madre  Mountains. 
On  the  western  border  of  the  Territory  are  the  Bear  River 
Mountains;  making,  in  all,  five  parallel  ranges.  Between 
these  are  broad  plains.  The  first  of  these  plains,  southwest  of 
the  Black  Hills,  is  seventy-five  to  one  hundred  miles  wide;  and 
is  watered  by  the  Belle  Fourche,  Cheyenne,  North  Platte,  and 
Poncha  rivers. 

THE   FAMOUS   LARAMIE    PLAINS. 

West  of  the  Laramie  and  Big  Horn  ranges,  lie  the  famous 
Laramie  Plains.  These  plains  extend  ninety  miles  northwest 
and  southeast;  and  are  seventy-five  miles  wide;  containing  an 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  83 

area  of  .7,000  square  miles,  and  have  an  elevation  of  7,000  feet 
above  the  sea.  They  are  watered  by  Powder  River,  and  its 
tributaries,  and  the  headwaters  of  the  Platte.  There  are  ex- 
tended plains  at  the  sources  of  the  Sweetwater,  Beaver,  Platte, 
and  Wind  rivers.  The  plains  located  between  the  Wind  River/ 
Sweetwater,  arid  Sierra  Madre  mountains,  and  the  Wasatch 
and  Bear  mountains,  extending  from  the  Yellowstone  National 
Park,  to  the  southern  boundary  line  of  Wyoming,  are  trav- 
ersed by  Green  River  and  its  tributaries;  while  the  Big  Horn 
River  waters  the  valleys  and  plains  to  the  east  of  the  Shoshone 
range.  Of  these  rivers,  the  Big  Horn  and  Powder,  flow 
northward,  through  the  southern  portion  of  Montana,  and 
yield  their  waters  to  the  Yellowstone;  the  North  Platte  flows 
eastward,  into  Nebraska,  where  it  joins  the  South  Platte, 
which  comes  down  from  Colorado;  and  together  they  pass  on- 
ward, until  lost  in  the  Missouri,  near  Omaha;  the  Green 
River  plunges  southward  into  Utah,  where  it  meets  the  Grand 
with  its  volume  of  crystal  water,  fresh  from  the  snowy  range, 
and,  uniting,  form  the  Colorado  River,  which  dashes  into  deep 
canons,  on  its  way  south  through  Arizona,  to  the  Gulf  of  Cal- 
ifornia; the  Bear  River  makes  straight  across  the  border  for 
the  Great  Salt  Lake.  These  four  rivers,  with  their  tributaries* 
form  the  drainage  system  of  Wyoming. 

THE    CLIMATE    OF   THE   TERRITORY 

is  arid;  the  rainfall  being  from  six  to  nineteen  inches  per  an- 
num. The  temperature  ranges  from  104  deg.,  F.,  above,  to 
29  degrees  below  zero;  the  mean,  for  five  years,  taken  at  Fort 
Laramie,  being  49  degrees.  When  the  days  are  hot,  the  nights 
are  cool,  and  even  the  extreme  cold  of  winter  is  not  felt,  as 'in 
the  Eastern  States,  owing  to  the  dryness  of  the  atmosphere- 
The  heal thf ulness  of  the  climate  is  attested  by  the  limited 
death-rate,  which,  to  every  1,000  of  population,  is  only  4.71 
per  annum;  while  that  of  the  Atlantic  coast  is  17.83.  There 
are  many  mineral  springs  in  the  Territory,  both  hot  and  cold, 
which,  in  time,  will  become  known  and  appreciated.  These 


84  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

are  found  in  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Platte,  twenty-five  miles 
south  of  Fort  Fred  Steele;  north  of  Rawlins,  in  Sweet  water 
Valley;  and  in  the  valley  of  .Beaver  River.  Hot  sulphur 
springs  boil  up  in  the  valley  of  Little  Wind  River,  near  Fort 
Washakie,  the  temperature  of  which  is  110  deg.,  P.,  while,  six 
miles  above  the  Fort,  there  is  a  cold  sulphur  spring.  Like  all 
the  mountain  region,  Wyoming  is  a  sanitarium. 

THE   AGRICULTURAL   RESOURCES 

of  the  Territory  are  limited;  not  to  exceed  one-tenth  of  the 
acerage,  can  be  considered  suitable  for  cultivation.  The  soil 
of  its  river  valleys,  however,  is  said  to  equal  in  fertility  that 
of  the  great  Mississippi;  yet  crops  cannot  be  successfully 
grown  without  irrigation.  By  this  process,  wheat,  oats,  clover, 
timothy,  potatoes,  and  garden  vegetables  are  produced.  In 
the  Lander  Valley,  near  the  Indian  Reservation,  there  are  forty 
of  these  agricultural  ranches;  and  their  products  find  a  ready 
market. 

THE  VAST  CATTLE  RANGES 

of  Wyoming,  are  found  in  the  valleys,  and  plains,  in  the  east- 
ern and  northern  half  of  the  Territory.  The  northwestern 
portion,  is  a  mass  mountains;  and  the  southwestern  is  practi- 
cally a  desert.  The  plains  are  covered  with  rich  grasses; 
which,  in  the  valleys,  owing  to  a  greater  amount  of  moisture, 
grow  tall  enough  for  hay.  The  climate  in  the  northern  part 
of  the  Territory  is  milder,  on  account  of  warm  winds  from  the 
Pacific,  which  blow  through  the  mountain  gaps  of  western 
Montana.  Although  winter  feeding  of  cattle,  is,  for  the  most 
part,  considered  unnecessary,  yet,  in  order  to  succeed  with 
sheep,  provision  must  be  made  for  extra  feed  and  care.  Cattle 
are  brought  here,  for  sale,  from  Texas,  Montana,  Oregon,  and 
Washington  Territory.  Those  from  Texas,  according  to  age 
and  quality,  bring  from  $12  to  $20  per  head;  while  those  from 
the  Territories,  bring  from  $15  to  $28  per  head,  and  are  con- 
sidered a  better  grade  of  stock.  Durham,  and  other  fine  im- 
ported breeds,  are  being  rapidly  and  profitably  introduced. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  85 

Stockmen  are  now  sending  many  of  their  marketable  cattle, 
east,  into  Nebraska,  to  have  them  fed  for  a.time,  at  so  much 
per  pound,  added  to  their  weight,  before  shipping  to  Chicago 
and  the  Eastern  markets;  the  quality  of  the  beef  being  much 
improved  thereby. 

The  estimated  cost  of  caring  for  simply  grass-fed  herds  of 
1,000,  is  $2.50  per  head;  for  herds  of  5,000,  $1.25  per  head; 
and  for  herds  of  10,000,  $1  per  head,  per  annum.  Each  year 
the  stockmen  hold  what  they  call  a  "round  up,"  which  lasts 
about  two  months,  ending  July  1.  This  simply  means,  that 
the  cattle  in  the  various  sections  are  collected  together,  and 
the  owners  have  their  several  brands  assorted  out,  and  driven 
again  to  their  own  ranges.  Their  brands  are  recorded  and 
known;  and  wherever  any  strays  are  found,  they  are  returned 
to  the  stock  man  whose  brand  they  bear.  At  such  times,  all 
the  calves  are  branded,  and  the  marketable  cattle  separated 
from  the  herds,  preparatory  to  shipment.  These  shipments 
are  made  during  the  months  of  July,  August,  September,  Oc- 
tober, and  November;  August,  September,  and  October  being 
the  heavy  shipping  months.  There  are  at  present  700,000 
cattle  in  Wyoming,  and  the  shipments,  during  1881,  to  the 
Eastern  markets,  amounted  to  134,000  head. 

SHEEP   AEE    NEXT   IN   IMPORTANCE   TO    CATTLE, 

and  of  these  there  are  450,000  head;  worth  for  the  common 
sorts,  $2  per  head;  selected  bloods  considerably  more.  The 
wool  clip  amounts  to  about  3  pounds  per  head,  equal  to  1,350,000 
pounds  annually.  It  is  claimed  that  the  flocks  are  heal t by,  and 
but  slight  loss  is  sustained.  Angora  goats  are  also  extensively 
raised,  both  their  skins  and  wool  are  in  great  demand.  Wyoming 
is  still  the  home  of  numbers  of  buffalo,  elk,  antelope,  and 
mountain  sheep,  all  of  which  have  been  driven  by  the  ruthless 
hunters  into  the  mountain  region  in  the  northwestern  portion 
of  the  Territory;  and  into  the  Yellowstone  National  Park, 
where  the  government  is  extending  its  protecting  hand  over 
these  remnants  of  the  countless  herds,  that  once  covered  the 


86  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


plains  and  valleys  of  the  mighty  west.  Both  black  and  white 
tailed  deer  are  met  with,  and,  occasionally,  black,  cinnamon, 
and  grizzly  bears.  The  wolf,  fox,  lynx,  panther,  and  moun- 
tain lion,  are  quite  numeroos  in  the  Big  Horn  Mountains; 
while  otter,  mink,  martin,  ermine,  musk  rat,  and  beaver, 
abound.  Of  game  birds,  there  are  abundance  of  grouse,  part- 
ridges, sage  hens,  geese,  ducks,  and  snipe.  It  is  a  grand  place 
for  the  true  sportsman,  for  laws  have  already  been  passed  pre- 
venting the  wanton  slaughter  of  the  game. 

THE   LUMBER   RESOURCES 

of  A^yoming  are  extensive.  There  are  15,000,000  acres  of 
forests,  covering  the  mountains  with  pine,  spruce,  fir,  hemlock, 
and  cedar.  These  forests  contain  some  of  the  finest  timber 
on  the  continent.  The  white  and  red  pine  are  of  superior- 
quality;  the  red  is  bard,  and  the  white,  being  free  from  knots* 
makes  excellent  lumber  for  finishing  purposes.  Several  saw- 
mills are  in  operation,  in  different  parts  of  the  Territory,  and 
over  one  thousand  men  are  already  employed  in  the  lumber 
business.  In  manufacturing,  but  little  is  being  done,  though 
the  day  cannot  be  far  distant,  when  Wyoming  will  become  a 
manufacturer  of  the  raw  material  she  possesses  in  such  abun- 
dance. There  are  at  Laramie  City,  however,  large  mills  for 
the  re-rolling  of  iron  rails;  and  elsewhere,  shingle  and  lath 
mills,  and  charcoal  kilns  are  in  operation. 

WONDERFUL   CRYSTALIZATIONS. 

At  Eawlins,  red  oxide  iron  ore  is  pulverized  for  paint;  while 
at  Cheyenne,  there  are  carriage  and  wagon  shops,  as  well  as 
manufactories  of  jewelry  from  the  precious  stones  which  are 
found  here  in  many  localities.  The  Territory  is  a  rich  field 
for  scientists,  having  wonderful  petrifications,  fossils,  and  rara 
crystalizations.  The  agates,  opals,  topaz,  jasper,  and  chalced- 
ony, from  Sweetwater  county,  are  exceedingly  beautiful.  The 
most  magnificent'  crystalization  at  the  Denver  Exposition,  in 


• 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  87 


1882,  was  a  portion  of  a  fossil  tree  from  Uintah  county.  The 
bark  seemed  to  have  been  agatized  first,  and  after  the  softer 
parts  of  the  wood  had  decayed,  crystals  formed  on  the  inner 
surface,  for  a  depth  of  two  inches,  leaving  a  hollow  tube,  eight 
inches  in  diameter  and  fifteen  inches  in  length.  These  crys- 
tals sparkled  like  diamonds,  and  were  the  "admiration  of  all 
beholders. 

The  Union  Pacific  Railway  passes  through  the  southern 
portion  of  the  Territory,  from  east  to  west.  From  Cheyenne, 
two  branches  run  south  to  Denver,  and  thence  into  the  moun- 
tains and  mining  regions  of  Colorado.  One  branch  also  turns 
north  to  Fort  Laramie,  and  another  will  start  from  Granger 
station,  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  Wyoming,  and  run 
northwest,  crossing  the  Utah  Northern  Railway,  at  Pocatello, 
and  thence,  passing  west  through  Idaho,  will  connect  at  Baker 
City,  in  Eastern  Oregon,  with  the  Oregon  Navigation  Com- 
pany's road  for  Portland. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  DIVISIONS. 

Wyoming  is  divided  into  seven  counties,  named  as  follows: 
Uintah,  Sweetwater,  Carbon,  Albany,  Laramie,  Crook,  and 
Pease.  The  principal  cities  and  towns  are;  Cheyenne,  Lara- 
mie .City,  Cummings  City,  Rawlins,  Evanston,  and  the  towns 
along  the  Union  Pacific  Railway.  Cheyenne  is  the  capital 
and  chief  point  of  interest,  and  contains  6,000  people,  who 
have  schools,  churches,  hotels,  banks,  newspapers,  and  all  of 
the  comforts  and  luxuries  that  wealth  brings.  This  city  being 
the  home  of  most  of  the  wealthy  stockmen  of  the  Territory, 
possesses  many  fine  residences,  stately  public  buildings, 
and  stores. 

MINERAL  RESOURCES. 

Wyoming  has  extensive  mineral  resources.  Discoveries  were 
made  by  the  first  white  men  who  came  within  its  borders. 
These  were  the  soldiers  of  the  United  States  army,  the  Mor- 
mons, on  their  way  to  Utah,  and  Colonel  Fremont's  explorers, 


88  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

most  of  whom  discovered  gold  and  silver.  The  first  mining 
camp,  known  as  South  Pass  City,  was  located  in  the  Wind 
Kiver  Mountains;  and  had  a  population,  prior  to  1870,  of 
3,000;  but  the  presence  of  the  hostile  Sioux,  who  have  held 
the  northern  portion  of  the  Territory  until  within  a  few  years, 
compelled  its  abandonment.  Another  camp  was  located, 
known  as  Miners'  Delight;  but  in  1878  it  was  also  abandoned, 
though  gold  quartz  had  been  found  in  considerable  quantity, 
averaging  $50  per  ton,  from  which  one  million  of  dollars  was 
obtained.  Gold  has  been  discovered,  chiefly  in  the  Medicine 
Bow,  Laramie,  Shoshone,  Seminole,  and  Wind  River  moun- 
tains; while  silver,  has  been  found  in  the  Snowy  Range,  at 
Rawhide  Buttes;  on  the  Platte,  above  Fort  Laramie;  near  Cum- 
mings  City,  and  at  the  sources  of  Green  River.  The  Douglass 
Creek  district,  in  the  Medicine  Bow  Mountains,  has  three 
mines  of  some  note:  the  Florence,  Keystone,  and  Blue  Jay. 
The  mineral  from  all  of  these  is  low  grade  gold  ore,  yielding 
about  $15  per  ton.  The  veins  are  quartz  containing  gold,  and 
are  from  eighteen  inches  to  three  feet  wide,  outcropping  in 
many  places.  The  deepest  workings  here  are  down  only  137 
feet;  and  are  now  suspended  on  account  of  water.  Mills 
and  machinery  will  soon  be  erected,  which  will  give  the  dis- 
trict a  new  impetus.  The  Centennial  district  is  again  awaken- 
ing, and  mills  are  being  built  to  work  their  ores.  Both -chlo- 
rides and  carbonates  are  found  here.  The  Jelm  district  has  a 
dozen  promising  properties.  The  Gold  Hill  mine,  has  a  vein 
of  quartz,  thirty  feet  wide,  but  of  low  grade  gold  ore.  The 
Betsey  Jane  has  some  high  grade  ore,  while  the  Lone  Boy  has 
a  broad  ledge  of  low  grade  gold  quartz.  Cummings  City  is  the 
center  of  these  mining  districts;  and  is  thirty  miles  from  Lar- 
amie City,  on  the  road  to  the  North  Park,  which  is  one  of  the 
great  parks  of  Colorado.  Gold  and  silver  have  been  discovered 
northwest  of  Cheyenne,  in  the  Laramie  Mountains,  as  well  as 
at  Rawhide  Buttes;  on  the  Running  Water,  north  of  Fort  Lar- 
amie. At  the  latter  place,  an  eighty  foot  vein  has  been  cut  by 
a  300-foot  tunnel,  sent  in  at  the  base  of  the  mountain.  The 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  89 

ore  contains  both  gold  and  silver;  yielding  from  $8  to  $150  per 
ton,  and  is  described  as  similar  in  appearance  to  the  ores  from 
the  Comstock  mines  of  Nevada.  Gold  has  also  been  discovered 
in  that  portion  of  the  Black  Hills  lying  within  the  Territory. 
From  present  development  it  is  manifest  that  the  gold  and 
silver  deposits  of  Wyoming,  are  very  meager  in  comparison 
with  those  of  Colorado,  Utah,  Arizona,  or  New  Mexico.  Cop- 
per has  been  discovered  in  the  Medicine  Bow,  Ferris,  and  Se- 
minole  mountains;  at  Eawlins,  in  the  Laramie  range;  atHart- 
ville,  Whalens,  and  Muskrat  canons;  "Rawhide,  Running 
Water,  and  at  Copperopolis.  These  veins  have  a  general  north- 
east and  southwest  direction,  and  are  from  two  to  three  feet 
wide.  Copper  is  found  here  in  connection  with  lead  and  sil- 
ver. The  ores  from  some. of  these  veins  assay  from  22  to  30 
per  cent,  copper. 

IRON  MOUNTAIN. 

Iron  is  found  in  several  places,  but  chiefly  in  a  mountain 
ridge  known  as  "Iron  Mountain,"  at  the  head  of  Chugwater 
Creek;  this  mountain  is  in  the  Laramie  range,  twenty-five 
miles  northeast  of  Laramie  City.  The  ore  occurs  similar  to 
the  Lake  Superior  deposits;  and  are  very  rich  in  metalic  iron. 
The  iron  made  from  these  ores  is  white,  and  extremely  ductile, 
and  harder  than  that  made  from  the  Iron  Mountain  ores  of 
of  Missouri.  Near  Rawlins  are  extensive  beds  of  red  oxide 
ores,  which  are  mined,  crushed,  and  shipped  for  use  as  min- 
eral paint.  They  have  also  been  used  as  flux,  in  the  reduction 
of  silver  ores  by  the  smelters  of  Utah.  Antimony  has  been 
discovered  in  the  Green  River  basin.  Graphite  hasbaen  found 
in  the  Laramie  range,  twelve  miles  west  of  the  Iron  Mountain. 
In  an  area  of  two  square  miles,  seven  mines  have  been  located ; 
and  the  veins  vary  in  thickness,  from  eighteen  inches  to  four 
and  one-half  feet.  Some  of  these  deposits  are  horizontal,  some 
inclined,  and  others  are  vertical,  most  of  them  yielding  as 
high  as  eighty  per  cent,  pure  graphite.  Sulphur,  in  nearly 
a  pure  state,  occurs  in  immense  deposits,  at  the  head  of  Bear 
River,  which  is  a  region  of  extinct  volcanoes. 


90  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


THE   SODA  DEPOSITS 

of  Wyoming  are  certainly  the  most  remarkable  in  the  world. 
Twelve  miles  southwest  of  Laramie  City,  there  are  a  number  of 
lakelets  of  solidified  soda.  The  largest  of  these  covers  an  area  of 
fifty-six  acres,  and  the  deposits  vary  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  in 
thickness,  in  the  deeper  portions.  From  these  lakelets,  a  cube  of 
two  hundred  cubic  feet,  of  solid  crystalline  sulphate  of  soda, 
was  exhibited  at  the  Centennial  Exposition;  which  gave  the 
following  analysis:  "Soda,  19.4  per  cent.;  sulphuric  acid,  24.8 
per  cent.,  equal  to  44.2  per  cent,  of  sulphate  of  soda;  water  of 
crystallization,  55.8  per  cent."  Colonel  Downey,  of  Wyoming, 
thus  describes  these  lakelets:  "The  deposit,  whence  the  sam- 
ple mentioned  was  taken,  covers  an  area  of  more  than  one 
hundred  acres;  being  a  solid  bed  of  crystallized  sulphate  of 
soda,  nine  feet  thick.  The  deposit  is  supplied  from  the  bottom, 
by  springs  whose  water  holds  the  salts  in  solution.  The  water, 
rising  to  the  surface,  rapidly  evaporates;  and  the  salts  with 
which  it  is  impregnated,  readily  crystalize  in  the  form  men- 
tioned. Upon  removing  any  of  the  material;  the  water  rising 
from  tie  bottom,  fills  the  excavation  made;  and  the  salts, 
crystallizing,  replace,  in  a  few  days,  the  material  removed. 
Hence  the  deposit  is  practically  inexhaustible;  and  it  now 
contains  about  50,000,000  cubic  feet  of  chemically  pure  crys- 
tallized sulphate  of  soda,  ready  to  be  utilized."  Near  Inde- 
pendence Rock,  seventy-five  miles  north  of  Rawlins,  in  the 
valley  of  the  Sweetwater,  are  deposits  of  bi-carbonate  of  soda. 
Here  are  about  one  hundred  lakelets,  covering  an  area  of  300 
acres,  making  a  deposit  one  mile  in  length,  by  half-a-mile  in 
breadth.  Part  of  these  are  solid  soda,  and  part  are  filled  with 
strong  alkaline  water.  In  t>ne  of  these  lakelets  of  solidified 
soda,  borings  have  been  made  to  the  depth  of  forty  feet,  with- 
out passing  beyond  the  soda  formation.  When  we  consider 
that  the  consumption  of  soda  in  the  United  States  amounts  to 
250,000,000  of  pounds  per  annum,  all  of  which  is  imported,  at 
a  cost  of  $47  per  ton,  with  20  per  cent,  advalorem  duty,  making 
the  cost  $56.40  per  ton,  it  would  seem  as  though  Wyoming 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  91 

furnished  a  wonderful  opportunity  for  both  capital  and  enter- 
prise; in  the  soda  business.  At  Rich  Creek,  near  the  Union 
Pacific  Railway,  there  is  reported  to  be  a  deposit  of  sulphate 
of  magnesia,  in  nearly  a  pure  state,  covering  one  hundred 
acres  to  the  depth  of  several  inches.  Gypsum,  of  fine  quality, 
is  found  in  many  localities;  notably  in  the  Wind  River  Valley, 
on  Horseshoe  Creek,  and  near  Red  Buttes.  Kaolin,  or  porcelain 
clay,  has  been  discovered  in  Albany  county;  and  mica,  at  both 
Diamond  Peak,  and  in  the  Laramie  Mountains,  thirty  miles 
northwest  of  Fort  Laramie.  Sandstone,  marble,  limestone, 
and  clay  for  brick,  are  abundant. 

4 

THE   COAL   MEASURES 

Of  Wyoming  are  widely  distributed,  and  of  superior  qual- 
ity. They  occupy  a  belt  fifty  to  one  hundred  miles  wide 
across  the  southern  portion  of  the  Territory;  and  are  found 
in  the  region  of  the  Big  Horn  and  Powder  Rivers ;  east  of 
the  Wind  River;  and  both  east  and  west  of  the  Laramie  range. 
At  Cooper  Lake,  in  the  Laramie  Plains,  a  vein  has  been  dis- 
covered which  is  fifteen  feet  thick,  and  one  at  Carbon  ten  feet. 
The  veins  vary  in  thickness  from  four  to  forty  feet;  while  at 
Carter  station,  on  the  Union  Pacilic  Railway,  in  Uintah  county; 
these  coal  seams  are  estimated  to  measure  four  hundred  feet  in 
thickness,  with  sandstone  strata  between  them.  It  is  said 
300,000  tons  are  annually  mined;  and  that'  the  fixed  carbon 
varies  from  46  to  76  per  cent.  These  coals  are  extensively 
used  for  locomotive  purposes,  and  have  been  largely  shipped 
to  the  smelters  at  Salt  Lake  city.  Petroleum  springs  have 
been  found  that  yield  the  best  quality  of  lubricating  oil.  This 
oil  as  it  flows,  has  a  gravity  of  20  degrees;  and  is  intensely 
black.  Its  flash  test  is  294;  fire-test  322  degrees;  and  cold 
test  16  degrees  below  zero.  It  has  been  discovered  in  Bear 
River,  in  the  valley  of  the  Popo-Agie  Creek,  and  in  the  valley 
of  Little  Wind  River,  near  Camp  Brown.  The  Beaver  and 
Shoshone  oil  basins  are  considered  among  the  richest  known. 
Near  Green  River  City  there  is  an  oil  bearing  shale,  from 


94  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

feet;  height,  100  feet;  lasts  10  to  30  minutes.  Fan — height, 
60  feet;  lasts  60  minutes.  While  no  tourist  can  expect  to  see 
these  all  spout  in  one  day,  he  can  always  be  certain  of  wit- 
nessing Old  Faithful  several  times,  and  some  of  the  others  on 
any  day  of  the  week.  They  are  all  located  in  a  small  basin 
of  two  or  three  miles  square. 

Besides  these,  there  are  other,  possibly  scores  of,  geysers  in 
our  National  Park,  which  far  surpass  the  glory  of  those  in 
Iceland,  which  hitherto  have  been  called  the  grandest  in  the 
world.  Ours  are  grandest  in  the  frequency  of  their  eruptions, 
in  the  quantity  of  water  they  spout,  and  in  the  height  to  which 
it  is  thrown,  and  also  in  the  beauty  of  their  delicately  orna- 
mented and  often  brilliantly  colored  chimneys  and  basins." 

The  road  to  the  Park,  at  present  is  from  the  west,  by  stage, 
30  hours'  ride  from  Dillon  station,  on  the  Utah  Northern 
Railway.  A  branch  line  will  be  completed  by  July  4th,  of  the 
present  year,  from  Livingstone,  on  the  Northern  Pacific  road, 
due  south  sixty-five  miles,  into  the  Park.  The  Yellowstone 
Improvement  Company,  recently  organized  in  New  York 
City,  with  a  capital  of  $2,000,000,  propose  the  immediate 
construction  of  a  mammoth  hotel  in  the  Park,  so  that  tourists 
from  all  parts  of  the  world  will  soon  be  able  comfortably  to 
see  the  wonders  of  this  wonderland. 


Fan  Geyser,  Yellowstone  Park. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  95 


IDAHO. 


"The  Gem  of  the  Mountains"— Lofty  Peaks,  and  Crys- 
tal Streams— Beautiful  Lakes— Picturesque  Scenery- 
Mineral  and  Agricultural  Resources. 

This  portion  of  the  great  Northwest  is  located  between  the 
42d  and  49th  parallels  of  latitude,  and  the  lllth  and  117th 
of  longitude,  west  from  Greenwich.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  British  Possessions  and  Montana,  east  by  Mon- 
tana and  Wyoming,  south  by  ITtah  and  Nevada,  and  west  by 
Oregon  and  Washington  Territory.  It  lies  directly  west  of 
the  great  main  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  which  sweep 
down  through  Montana,  and  has  upon  its  northeast  border 
the  Bitter  Hoot,  Rocky,  and  Wasatch  ranges;  the  Bitter  Root 
occupy  the  northern,  the  Rocky  the  central,  and  the  Wasatch 
the  southern  portion  of  this  chain,  which  extends  well  over 
into  Idaho.  In  the  south  are  the  Owyhee  Mountains,  which 
clivide  the  waters  of  the  Columbia,  while  to  the  west  are  the 
Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory.  Idaho 
is  therefore  surrounded  by  mountains,  through  which  there 
are  many  fine  natural  gateways  for  the  great  highways  of 
travel.  The  interior  of  the  Territory  is  full  of  mountains, 
valleys,  and  plateaus,  with  an  average  altitude  of  4,700  feet; 
while  the  tops  of  its  highest  peaks  scarcely  exceed  10,000 
feet  above  the  sea.  These  ranges  traverse  the  Territory  in 
all  directions,  sending  forth  streams  of  crystal  water  from 
their  melting  snows. 

DISCOVERED   IN    1804. 

This  part  of  £he  United  States  was  first  traversed  by  white 
men  in  1804,  when  an  exploring  party  under  the  command  of 


96  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Clark  and  Lewis  passed  through  it.  In  1793  a  Captain  Gray, 
who  had  been  sent  out  by  some  Boston  fur  traders,  made  the 
discovery  of  the  Columbia  River  in  company  with  an  English 
captain  named  Vancouver,  and  each  took  possession  formally 
of  the  country;  the  Englishman  in  the  name  of  George  III. ; 
and  the  American  in  the  name  of  Uncle  Sam.  In  1818,  ac- 
cording to  the  provisions  of  a  treaty,  the  entire  region  north 
of  the  42d  parallel  of  latitude  and  west  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, was  occupied  by  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
jointly;  and  the  name  given  to  it  was  Oregon.  In  1846  the 
Northwest  Boundary  treaty  was  made,  and  the  international 
line  drawn  at  the  49th  parallel  of  latitude.  In  1855  Washing- 
ton Territory  was  created, 

Idaho  was  created  a  Territory  by  act  of  Congress  March  3, 
1863,  being  taken  from  Washington,  Dakota,  and  Nebraska 
Territories.  It  then  included  the  present  State  of  Nebraska 
and  most  of  Wyoming,  and  had  an  area  of  over  300,000  square 
miles.  The  name  is  a  corruption  of  the  Indian  word  E-dah- 
hoe,  which  is  said  to  mean 

"  GEM    OF   THE    MOUNTAINS." 

The  Territories  of  Wyoming  and  Montana  were  cut  off  from 
Idaho  in  1868,  and  it  was  then  reduced  to  its  present  size.- 
Idaho  contains  86,294  square  miles;  being  in  comparative  size 
the  eleventh  in  area  in  the  list  of  forty-seven  States  and  Ter- 
ritories. It  has  55,228,160  acres  of  land,  of  which  18,000,000 
are  mountains,  24,000,000  are  grazing,  and  12,600,000  acres 
are  arable  land  when  irrigated;  while  600,000  are  lake  area. 
Of  the  vast  mountain  tract  9,000,000  of  acres  are  clothed  in 
timber. 

In  the  northern  part  of  the  Territory  the  valleys  are  narrow, 
and  the  entire  region  is  covered  with  dense  forests  of  coni- 
ferae;  while  farther  south  the  valleys  are  broader  and  the 
forests  retreat  to  the  mountains.  These  forests  consist  of  the 
white,  red,  and  yellow  pine;  white,  red  and  black  spruce;  fir, 
juniper,  mountain  mahogany,  tamarac;  and  along  the  streams, 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  97 

birch,  alder,  cotton  wood  and  willow.  The  white  pine  and 
white  and  red  spruce  attain  a  height  of  more  than  two  hundred 
feet,  and  have  a  diameter  at  the  base  of  five  feet.  The  timber 
on  the  Pacific  Slope  of  the  Rockies  is  in  all  cases  superior  to 
that  on  the  Atlantic,  except  it  may  be  in  Northwestern  Mon- 
tana, where  the  country  is  subject  to  the  same  warm  winds. 

RIVERS. 

The  Territory  has  two  noble  rivers;  the  Snake  and  Salmon, 
which  unite  within,  its  borders  after  traversing  it  for  more 
than  a  thousand  miles,  and  bear  their  waters  thence  into  the 
Columbia.  They  gather  into  their  embrace  the  clear  currents 
of  a  hundred  minor  streams;  as  the  Portneuf,  Raft,  Goose, 
Bruneau,  Wood,  Weiser,  Lemhi,  Clearwater,  etc.,  all  of  which 
are  full  of  trout  and  other  kinds  of  fish.  These  water  courses 
are  swift,  and  will  furnish  abundant  power  for  manufacturing- 
purposes,  as  well  as  a  never  failing  supply  for  irrigation. 

The  Snake  river  rises  near  the  National  Yellowstone  Park 
of  Wyoming,  and  from  its  rushing  torrent  was  known  as  Mad 
river.  It  passes  westward  across  the  southern  portion  of 
the  Territory,  then  turning  northward  along  its  western 
border  leads  off  to  the  Columbia.  This  river  has  three  falls 
of  note;  the  American,  Shoshone  and  Salmon;  the  Shoshone 
being  the  most  celebrated,  as  it  resembles  Niagara,  plunging 
over  a  precipice  200  feet  high.  Beside  the  Snake,  the  Salmon, 
Couer  D'  Alene  and  St.  Josephs  rivers  are  navigable  for  a  con- 
siderable distance,  and  are  in  size  equal  to  the  Ohio  at  Pitts- 
burgh. In  the  southern  portion  of  the  Territory  are  the 
Snake  river  plains,  which  are  immense  beds  of  basalt  with 
an  undulating  surface,  seamed  with  crevasses  through  which 
the  streams  flow.  On  these  plains  are  three  lone  mountains 
known  as  the  Three  Buttes,  which  are  landmarks  in  the  waste. 
East  of  these  plains  rise  hills  and  mountains,  while  south  are 
narrow  valleys  and  abrupt  ranges,  the  former  covered  with 
sage  and  sparse  grasses,  while  the  latter  are  without  timber. 


98  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

In  this  desert  region  the  sage  bush  grows  to  enormous  size, 
and  is  used  for  firewood. 

LAKES. 

Idaho  has  a  number  of  beautiful  lakes  in  the  northern  por- 
tion, the  largest  of  which,  Pend  d'  Oreille,  is  one  hundred  and 
twenty  miles  long  by  from  five  to  ten  miles  wide,  and  is  navi- 
gable throughout.  Its  scenery  is  picturesque,  being  sur- 
rounded by  grand  mountains,  and  contains  islands  clothed 
with  pine.  Lake  Oouer  D'  Alene  is  another  gem,  thirty-six 
miles  long  by  three  to  five  miles  wide,  and  •  Karriiska  is  twenty 
miles  long  by  ten  wide,  while  in  the  southeastern  corner  is 
Bear  Lake,  thirty  miles  long  and  three  wide:  Each  of  these 
absorb  several  rivers,  as  darks'  Fort  of  the  Columbia,  St. 
Josephs,  etc. 

CLIMATE. 

The  climate  of  Idaho,  like  that  of  the  entire  Rocky  Moun- 
tain region,  is  healthful,  and  people  with  lung  diseases,  malaria, 
asthma,  and  general  debility  should  flee  to  these  mountains. 

The  warm  winds  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  which  sweep  over 
Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  strike  the  Western  slopes 
of  the  Rockies  and  are  deflected -south  along  their  sides, 
hence  the  climate  of  Idaho  is  comparatively  mild,  the  mean 
annual  temperature  being  52  deg.  F.  ^The  mercury  seldom  goes 
below  zero,  and  the  total  fall  of  rain  and  melted  snow  is  about 
17.50  inches  per  annum.  Owing  to  the  dryness  of  the  atmos- 
phere neither  heat  nor  cold  are  felt  as  in  the  Eastern  States. 
The  death  rate  from  diseases,  amounts  to  4.66,  to  each  thou- 
sand, while  on  the  Atlantic  Coast  it  is  17.83. 

There  is  a  great  difference  in  the  temperature  and  rain  fall, 
between  the  northern  and  southern  portions  of  the  Territory; 
the  rain  fall  in  the  northern  portion  being  much  heavier;  while 
the  moister  climate  has  a  more  equitable  temperature  between 
day  and  night,  and  winter  and  summer. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  99 


VALLEYS. 

Idaho  has  fair  agricultural  resources  in  the  fertility  of  her 
valleys,  only  one-twientieth  of  which  are  occupied  at  present. 
These  valleys  have  a  length  and  breadth  as  follows: 

LENGTH          BREADTH 
MILES.  MILES. 

South  Fork  of  Snake  River,  Eastern  Idaho 30  2  to    4 

S:ilt  River  Valley,  Eastern  Idaho 20  1  to    2 

Bear  River  Valley,     "            "        40  3  to    5 

Snake  Valley,  North  Fork,  Eastern  Idaho 60  2  to  10 

Blackfoot  Valley,  Eastern  Idaho 20  2  to    5 

Rome  Valley,            "            "      30  8  to  12 

Wood  River,  Central  Idaho 50  1  to    2 

Camas  Prairie,     "           "     80  18  to  25 

Boise  Valley,    Western  Idaho 60  2  to    6 

Payette  Valley,         "            " 75  2  to  15 

Weiser  Valley,          "            <! 40  2  to    5 

Lemhi  Valley,  Northwestern  Idaho 70  .3  to    6 

Pah  Simari  Valley,     "                  " 25  1  to    5 

North  Camas  Prairie,  North  Idaho 30  20  to  25 

Potlach  Valley,  North  Idaho 25  10  to  15 

Palouse  Valley,       "          "     20  5  to  10 

St.  Joseph's  Valley,  North  Idaho  .    15  5  to  10 

Here  such  cereals  are  grown  as  wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  corn, 
potatoes  of  the  finest  quality,  and  in  quantity  nearly  one  hun- 
dred per  cent,  greater  yield  to  the  acre  than  the  Eastern  States 
produce.  Garden  vegetables  are  of  good  quality.  Farming  is 
done  almost  entirely  by  means  of  irrigation,  which  those  who 
get  accustomed  to  it  consider  more  necessary  than  depend- 
ing upon  rains.  Fruits  are  cultivated  to  considerable  extent, 
and  it  is  estimated  that  20,000  fruit  trees  have  been  set  out 
annually  for  the  past  five  years. 

In  the  midst  of  many  arid  plains,  the  traveler  will  come 
upon  luxuriant  crops,  and  trees  laden  with  blossoms  and  fruits 
in  their  season,  but  all  of  this  is  accomplished  by  careful  irri- 
gation, the  cost  of  which,  in  many  cases,  is  not  more  than 
fifty  cents  to  one  dollar  per  acre.  Apples,  peaches,  pears, 


100  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

apricots,  plums,  and  grapes,  are  thus  produced,  all  of  which 
find  a  ready  market  at  good  prices.  Ne^r  Boise  City  are  a 
number  of  these  orchards  which  bear  profusely. 

GRAZING   LAtfD. 

Idaho  has  an  extensive  area  of  grazing  land,  and,  therefore, 
presents  fine  opportunities  for  the  raising  of  stock.  There 
are  already  200,000  head  of  cattle,  and  75,000  sheep  within  the 
Territory,  where  they  live  and  thrive  without  shelter  the  year 
around.  Idaho  was  formerly  the  home  of  immense  herds  of 
buffalo,  where  the  warm  winds  of  the  Pacific  caused  the  nutri- 
tious grasses  to  grow  in  abundance.  The  profits  on  either 
sheep  or  cattle  are  said  to  average  from  25  to  30  per  cent. 
The  largest  heards  number  about  5,000,  and  the  business  is 
rapidly  on  the  increase.  The  cost  of  keeping  cattle  here  is 
the  same  as  in  Montana  and  Wyoming,  or  about  $1  per  head 
per  annum.  The  dairy,  business  will  doubtless  become  an 
important  industry,  everything  in  that  line  being  now  im- 
ported. 

MINERAL   RESOURCES. 

The  history  of  Idaho,  like  that  of  every  State  and  Territory 
of  the  Rocky  Mountain  region,  is  a  history  of  the  discovery  of 
precious  minerals  within' her  borders.  In  1852  gold  was  first 
found  on  the  shores  of  the  Pend  d'  Oreille  River.  In  1854  it  was 
discovered  by  General  Larnder  while  exploring  for  a  military 
road,and  some  years  later  by  Captain  Mullan,  who  annonnced  to 
the  world  that  it  existed  in  paying  quantities  on  the  Clearwater 
and  Salmon  Rivers.  In  1860  Captain  Pierce  found  good  pay- 
ing placers  on  a  tributary  of  Clearwater  River.  In  1862  rich 
grounds  were  discovered  on  a  tributary  of  the  Bois  River,  and 
nuggets  worth  from  $5  to  $50  were  picked  up  daily.  In  1863 
the  Owyhee  district  was  discovered,  and  following  these  placers, 
discoveries  of  rich  quartz  ledges  were  made  on  War  Eagle 
Mountain.  Between  1863  and  1865  over  250  mines  were 
located,  and  the  towns  of  Silver  Creek,  Ruby,  and  Boonville 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  101 

sprang  into  existence.  In  1864,,  discoveries  of  gold  quartz  were 
made,  in  what  is  now  known  as  the  Wood  River  district;  but 
their  rich,  heavy  lead  ores,  now  so  famous,  were  not  found 
until  1873,  and  were  then  considered  only  valuable  for  bullets. 
The  Indians  infested  the  country  up  to  1880,  so  that  the  de- 
velopment of  their  mines  practically  dates  from  that  time. 
The  rich  gold  and  silver  discoveries  of  Yankee  Fork  in  IS 76, 
were  followed  by  those  of  Kinnikinik,  and  others  of  the  Salmon 
River  region  in  1877-78,  and  of  the  Sawtooth  country  in  1879. 
The  mineral  belt  of  Idaho  is  found  mainly  in  her  interior 
mountains,  and  is  from  10  to  150  miles  wide  by  300  long.  The 
principal  mining  districts  are:  The  placer  mines  of  Boise 
county  and  basin,  the  quartz  mines  of  Boise  county,  the  North 
Ihaho  mines,  the  Ovvyhee  county  mines,  the  Middle  Bois 
Region,  the  South  Boise,  the  Yankee  Fork  district,  the  Kin- 
nikinik, and  East  Fork  mines,  the  Snake  River  gold  fields  and 
the  Wood  River  and  Sawtooth  districts. 


),000,000  in  PRECIOUS  METALS. 

Idaho  has  contributed  to  the  wealth  of  the  world  in  gold  and 
silver  $90,000,000,  from  a  region,  until  within  two  years, 
infested  by  hostile  savages,  being  also  remote  from  railways, 
and  with  but  little  foreign  capital.  They  claim  to  have  a 
mining  region  that  has  no  peer  in  the  world.  To  attempt 
anything  like  minute  details,  in  regard  to  the  mines  of 
these  several  districts,  would  extend  this  volume  far  beyond 
rny  present  purpose.  I  shall  therefore,  as  briefly  as  possible, 
give  only  the  main  facts  in  regard  to  the  resources  of  the  Ter- 
ritory, hoping  it  may  be  the  means  of  inducing  further  inves- 
tigation into  the  marvelous  resources  of  the  West.  The  moun- 
tains of  Idaho,  while  traversing  the  Territory  in  all  directions, 
have  a  general  trend  northwest  and  southwest.  The  mineral 
veins  cut  through  these  mountains  in  almost  a  due  north  and 
south  course.  These  veins  are  mostly  fissures,  containing 
quartz,  in  which  the  mineral  is  found,  and  vary  in  thickness 
from  one  to  forty  feet,  though  most  of  them  average  from  two 


102  JResources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

to  five  feet  in  width.  The  minerals  are  gold,  silver,  copper, 
lead,  iron,  quicksilver,  bismuth,  zinc,  nickle,  etc.  The  silver 
ores  are  in  great  variety,  as  native  silver,  gray  copper* 
ruby  silver,  and  argentiferous  galena,  besides  sulphurets  and 
chlorides.  There  are  also  mountains  of  sulphur,  superior  salt 
springs,  and  quarries  of  the  finest  marble  and  building  stone. 
Large  deposits  of  merchantable  mica  and  semi-precious  stones 
are  known  to  exist. 

RICH  MINES. 
The  following  statistics  will  convey  some  idea  of  the  rich- 


The  Oro  Fino  Mine has  produced,  $2,756,128 

The  Old  Elm  ore  Mine "  2,000,000 

The  Golden  Chariot  and  Minnesota "  3,000,000 

The  Mahogany  Mine  . , "  1,200,000 

The  Poorman  Mine "  4,000,000 

The  Morning  Star  Mine "  1, 000,000 

The  Monarch  Mine "  1,100,000 

The  Buffalo  Mine "  1,000,000 

The  Ada  Elmore  Mine "  1,200,000 

The  Confederate  Star  Mine "  350,000 

The  Vishnu  Mine "  850,000 

The  Wild  West  Mine "  300,000 

The  Red  Warior,  Elk  Creek,  Feathery  River,  and  Bear  Creek 

Placers "  2,000,000 

The  Custer,  Dickens,  Montana,  etc "  1,250,000 

The  Mt.  Estes  Mines "  2,000,000 

The  Ramshorn "  600,000 

The  mines  whose  product  is  from  $10,000  to  $50,000  per 
annum  can  be  counted  by  scores,  many  of  which  will  doubt- 
less in  time  prove  bonanzas.  Sufficient  development  has  been 
made,  to  demonstrate  the  fact  that  Idaho  has  rich  veins  of  the 
precious  metals,  and  that  when  her  resources  shall  become 
know  to  the  world,  she  will  have  a  brilliant  future.  There  are 
yet  thousands  of  square  miles  of  her  metal-ribbed  mountains, 
that  have  never  been  trodden  by  a  white  man's  foot,  and  where 
prospecting  will  be  carried  on  for  years  to  come,  with  success. 


Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains.  103 

IKON,  COAL   AND  COPPER. 

Of  iron,  coal,  and  copper  Idaho  has  her  full  complement. 
Her  iron  ores  are  found  near  Rocky  Bar,  Challis,  Baker  City, 
and  South  Mountain,  and  consist  of  micacious  iron,  oxide  ores, 
also  metalic,  magnetic,  and  specular  ores,  while  hematite  is 
known  to  exist  in  inexhaustible  quantities.  These  are  said  to 
yield  from  fifty  to  ninety  per  cent,  pure  metal.  Bituminous 
coal  .of  fine  quality  is  .found  in  several  localities;  notably,  at 
Bear  Lake,  in  southeastern  Idaho;  near  Boise  at  Horse-shoe 
Bend;  at  the  Big  Bend  of  Snake  River,  at  Smith's  Fork,  and 
at  Twin  Lakes,  where  the  famous  Mammoth  mine  shows  a 
vein  of  clear  coal  seventy-five  feet  in  thickness.  Large  depos- 
its have  also  been  discovered  near  Lewiston,  in  Northern  Idaho, 
though  none  of  them  are  worked  yet  to  any  considerable  ex- 
tent, on  account  of  the  plentiful  supply  of  wood,  and  the  ab- 
sence of  railways.  On  the  eastern  borders  of  Idaho  have  been 
found  rich  veins  of  copper  ore,  yielding  from  sixty  to  eighty 
per  cent,  pure  metal,  which  have  been  traced  for  a  distance 
of  thirty-five  miles.  Near  Camas,  ore  veins  have  been  found 
from  one  to  six  feet  wide,  containing  forty  per  cent,  copper. 
One  hundred  and  twenty  miles  north  of  Boise  City,  large 
veins  have  been  found,  yielding  sixty  per  cent. ;  while  many 
other  copper  deposits  have  been  discovered  in  other  portions  of 
the  Territory.  Large  quantities  of  the  silver  ores  contain 
from  fifteen  to  twenty  per  cent. ;  copper,  and  some  of  the 
galena  ores  run  as  high  as  seventy-eight  per  cent.  lead. 

SALT   SPRINGS. 

Idaho  has  some  fine  salt  springs.  One  near  Eagle  Rock 
produced,  in  1880,  1,500,000  pounds.  .  This  is  said  to  be  the 
purest  and  whitest  salt  in  the  world,  showing  a  higher  per- 
centage of  pure  salt  than  the  Onondaga,  Liverpool,  Turks' 
Island,  or  Saginaw  brands.  The  analysis  gives  chloride  of 
sodium  (pure  salt)  97.79  per  cent.  Sulphur  exists  in  almost  a 
pure  state,  and  in  inexhaustible  quantities,  in  some  cases 


104  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

being  eighty-five  per  cent.  fine.  Mica  is  found  near  Weiser 
River,  ninety  miles  northeast  of  Boise,  where  there  are  ledges 
eight  to  ten  feet  wide,  and  hundreds  of  tons  are  said  to  be 
lying  on  the  dumps.  Similar  deposits  exist  near  Lakes  Pend 
d'Oreille  and  Lewiston,  in  Northern  Idaho.  A  vein  of  mar- 
ble twenty  feet  in  thickness,  equal  to  Italian,  has  been  dis- 
covered near  the  head  of  Lake  Pend  d'Oreille. 

COUNTIES   AND   TOWKS. 

Idaho  is  divided  into  twelve  counties  named  as  follows: 
Kootenai,  Shoshone,  Nez  Perce,  Idaho,  Lemhi,  Washington, 
Ada,  Boise,  Caster,  Alturas,  Oneida,  Cassia,  and  Ovvyhee. 
Its  principal  towns  and  cities  are,  Montpelier,  Malade  City, 
Albion,  Silver  City,  Bellevue,  Hailey,  Boise  City,  Idaho 
City,  Baker  City,  Bonanza,  Challis,  Salmon  City,  Mt.  Idaho, 
Pierce  City,  and  Lewiston. 

The  Territory  has  a  population  at  present  of  fully  50,000, 
of  whom  5,000  are  Indians.  These  tribes  are  the  Nez  Pcrces, 
Bannocks,  and  Shoshones.  The  Nez  Perces  number  2,800, 
and  occupy  a  reservation  of  1,344,000  acres  in  the  northern 
portion,  on  the  Clearwater  River;  while  the  other  tribes  have 
a  reservation  of  18,000  acres  in  the  southeastern  part,  on  the 
Portneuf  and  Snake  Rivers.  In  the  Salmon  River  Mountains 
a  few  roving  Indians  have  their  home.  Boise  City  is  the  cap- 
ital, and  has  a  population  of  2,500,  while  the  remaining  towng 
and  cities  named  have  from  300  to  1,000  each.  These  are  all 
accessible  by  stage  lines;  and  contain  newspaper-,  schools, 
churches,  hotels,  etc.  Manufactories  are  limited;  still  Idaho 
has  a  dozen  flour  and  grist  mills,  fifty  saw  mills,  besides  smel- 
ters and  shops  of  various  kinds. 

GAME  A1SD  FISH. 

The  sportsmen  will  find  here  abundance  of  game  and  fish. 
In  the  northern  part  of  the  Territory,  there  are  elk,  deer, 
mountain  sheep  and  goat,  bears,  and  panthers;  also  plenty  of 
foxes,  beavers,  martins,  minks,  and  muskrats.  The  lakes  and 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  105 

rivers  abound  in  water  fowl  and  fish.  In  Lakes  Talioma  and 
Payette  are  found  a  species  of  red  fish.  They  are  gamey, 
and  large,  weighing  eight  to  ten  pounds,  and  are  considered 
choice  for  the  table. 

Hot  and  cold  mineral  springs  are  found  in  various  localities; 
the  principal  of  which  are  the  Soda  Springs  of  Oneida  County, 
the  Warm  Springs  near  Idaho  City,  and  the  Hot  Springs  near 
Boise.  The  Soda  Springs  of  Oneida  are  the  most  noted,  and 
are  highly  medicinal,  as  they  contain  soda,  iron,  sulphur, 
magnesia,  etc.  When  hotels  are  built,  and  accommodations 
arranged,  they  will  doubtless  become  famous  sanitariums. 

RAILWAYS. 

Idaho  is  just  beginning  to  realize  the  benefits  of  railways. 
Of  these,  the  Utah  Northern  extends  from  Salt  Lake  to  Butte 
and  Helena,  in  Montana,  and  passes  through  the  eastern  por- 
tion of  the  Territory.  The  Northern  Pacific  is  being  built 
across  the  northern  end  of  the  Territory,  where  it  slips  through 
a  notch  of  the  Rocky  Range,  passes  around  the  head  of  Lake 
Pend  d'Oreille,  and  sweeps  on  through  Washington  Territory 
until  it  strikes  the  Columbia  River,  down  which  it  runs  to 
Portland.  The  Oregon  Short  Line,  which  is  a  branch  of  the 
Union  Pacific,  starts  from  Granger  Station,  Wyoming,  and 
passing  northwesterly,  intersects  the  Northern  Utah  at  Poca- 
tello,  in  Southeastern  Idaho,  thence  passes  west  and  north 
across  the  Territory,  in  the  vicinity  of  Snake  River,  until  it 
crosses  the  border  into  Oregon,  where,  at  Baker,  City  it  will 
clasp  hands  with  the  Oregon  Navigation  Company's  road,  for 
the  Columbia  and  Portland.  A  branch  leaves  the  main  line 
at  Shoshone,  and  runs  north  to  Hailey,  the  center  of  the  new 
mining  region.  These  roads  are  destined  in  a  short  time  to 
make  the  wealth  of  Idaho  not  only  known  but  accessible  to 
the  world.  Like  all  the  States  and  Territories  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region,  the  resources  of  Idaho  are  boundless.  The 
Territories  form  a  string  of  pearls,  stretching  from  north  to 
south;  such  as  no  other  nation  in  the  world  ever  possessed. 


K 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  107 


MONTANA. 


•'The  Country  of  Mountains."— Her  Vast  Expanse  of 
Territory. — Resources  in  Precious  Metals,  Lead,  Coal, 
etc.— The  Grazing-  Empire  of  the  West.  —  Rapid  Ad- 
vancement of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

On  the  extreme  northern  border  of  the  United  States,  close 
against  the  British  Possessions  lies  the  empire  of  Montana. 
Its.  latitude  is  the  same  as  that  of  Northern  Italy  and  Switzer- 
land. It  is  greater  in  extent  than  the  combined  area  of  Eng- 
land, Ireland,  Scotland  and  Wales,  or  equal  to  that  of  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  Maryland,  with  Rhode  Island 
thrown  in;  containing  145,786  square  miles,  or  92,016,640 
acres.  Its  greatest  length,  from  east  to  west,  is  540  miles,  and 
width  305  miles,  in  size  being  the  fourth  division  of  the  Union, 
exceeded  only  by  Texas,  California,  and  Dakota.  It  embraces 
the  vast  area  lying  between  the  45th  and  49th  parallels  of 
north  latitude,  and  the  104th  and  116th  meridians  of  west 
longitude.  It  is  traversed  by  rivers  and  crossed  by  mountains. 
These  mountains  are  the  main  ranges  of  the  Rockies,  which 
sweep  down  through  the  western  portion,  though  with  consid- 
erable less  altitude  than  they  attain  in  Colorado,  their  highest 
peaks  not  reaching  over  11,000  feet.  On  the  western  border 
are  the  Bitter  Root,  Rocky,  and  Wasatch  ranges;  while  further 
east,  extending  to  the  middle  of  the  Territory,  are  the  High- 
wood,  Belt,  Judith,  Big  Snowy,  Ruby,  Bear's  Paw,  Little 
Rockies,  etc.,  all  of  which  have  a  general  trend  northwest  and 
southeast.  These  are  the  condensers  for  the  Territory,  of  the 
moisture  from  the  warm  winds  of  the  Pacific  Ocean,  which  are 
known  as  the  "Chinook."  » 


108  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

From  these  mountain  sides  copious  springs  of  crystal  water- 
burst  forth,  which,  with  the  melting  snbws,  are  the  sources  of 
the  numerous  streams  and  rivers  that  traverse  the  Territory, 
like  veins  in  the  human  system.  The  rivers,  west  of  the  Rocky 
Eange,  send  their  waters  into  the  Columbia,  and  thence  into 
the  Pacific.  These  are  the  Kootcnai  and  Clark's  Fork  of  the 
Columbia,  with  their  numerous  branches,  as  Bitter  Koot,  Big 
Blackfoot,  Missoula,  Flathead,  Stillwater,  etc.  There  are 
two  small  lakes,  near  the  Idaho  border,  west  of  the  Yellow- 
stone Park,  named  Red  Rock  Lakes,  and  one  in  the  north- 
western part  of  the  Territory,  known  as  Flathead  Lake.  This 
is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  fifty  miles  long  by  twenty  wide, 
abounding  with  fish  and  water  fowl,  and  contains  a  dozen  pic- 
turesque islands.  The  valleys  of  these  rivers  are  from  thirty 
to  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  in  extent,  and  vary  in  width 
from  one  to  ten  miles.  East  of  the  Rocky  Range  are  the  Yel- 
lowstone and  Missouri  rivers  with  their  tributaries.  The  sources 
of  the  Missouri  are  the  Gallatin,  Madison,  Ruby,  Beaverhead, 
Big  Hole,  and  Jefferson  rivers.  Then  it  receives  the  Big 
Muddy,  Poplar,  Milk,  Teton,  Marias,  Deep,  Judith,  North 
Fork,  Musselshell,  and  Big  Dry;  while  the  Yellowstone  gath- 
ers up  the  Powder,  Tongue,  and  Big  Horn  rivers,  which  come 
down  from  Wyoming;  the  Rosebud,  Nez  Perces,  and  Shield, 
with  a  host  of  lesser  streams,  and  delivers  their  waters  into  the 
Missouri,  at  Fort  Buford,  just  over  the  border,  in  Dakota. 
This  Territory  has  one  of  the  finest  river  systems  in  America. 

"THE    COUNTRY 

Montana  was  called  by  the  Indians,  Tay-a-be-shock-up,  or 
"Country  of  Mountains."  It  was  organized  a  Territory  by  act 
of  Congress,  in  1863,  from  parts  of  Oregon  and  Nebraska.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  north,  by  the  British  Possessions;  east,  by 
Dakota;  south,  by  Wyoming  and  Idaho;  and  west,  by  Idaho. 
Its  mean  elevation  above  the  sea  is  3,900  feet;  while  the  aver- 
age height  of  Wyoming  is  6,400;  of  Colorado,  7,000  feet;  and  of 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  109 

New  Mexico,  5,600  feet.  The  climate  of  Montana,  on  account 
of  its  more  northern  latitude,  should  be  much  colder  than  that 
of  Colorado;  yet  it  is  but  little  more  so;  modified  by  the  fol- 
lowing causes:  First,  a  decrease  of  elevation  of  3,100  feet;  and, 
second,  by  the  wamth  which  the  winds  receive  from  the  great 
equatorial,  or  Japan  current,  which  pours  its  heated  waters 
upon  the  low  coasts  of  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory. 
The  winds,  warmed  by  this  current,  pass  over  Oregon,  and 
Northern  Idaho,  slip  through  the  gaps  in  the  mountains,  and 
come  down  upon  the  valleys  and  plains  of  Montana;  making 
the  average  annual  temperature  at  Helena,  44.5  deg.,  P.,  while 
that  of  the  valleys  is  48  deg.,  F.  The  mercury  ranges  from  94 
degrees  above  to  19  degrees  below  zero;  yet,  in  January,  1875, 
it  fell  to  40  below.  The  average  snowfall  during  four  months 
each  year,  for  a  period  of  eight  years,  was  24^  inches,  taken  at 
Deer  Lodge  City;  while  the  average  annual  rainfall,  fora  peri- 
od of  six  years,  taken  at  Virginia  City,  amounted  to  16.35 
inches.  Montana,  therefore,  has  a  milder  climate  than  Min- 
nesota}  Wisconsin,  or  Michigan;  or  about  equal  to  that  of 
Massachusetts  and  New  York.  The  isothermal  line  of  50  deg., 
F.,  which  passes  through  Cleveland,  is  bent  northward, 
through  Montana.  This  Territory  has  291  fair  days  in  a  year, 
against  170.  in  Chicago.  A  brief  rainy  season  occurs  in  June, 
but  the  air,  for  the  most  part,  is  dry  and  bracing,  while  damp 
and  dreary  days  are  unknown.  The  nights  are  cool,  as  in  all 
mountain  regions,  and  the  climate  is  one  of  the  most  healthful 
in  the  United  States.  There  are 

92,000,000    OF   ACEES   OF   LAND 

in  the  Territory,  divided  as  follows:  16,000,000  acres  of  agri- 
cultural land,  38,000,000  acres  of  fine  grazing  land,  and 
38,000,000  acres  of  mountains.  Of  the  mountain  acres 
14,000,000  are  covered  with  forest,  and  5,000,000  are  rich  in 
minerals.  The  agricultural  lands  lie  in  the  valleys,  those  of 
the  Yellowstone  and  Missouri  extending  for  hundreds  of  miles, 
being  in  places  many  miles  wide.  The  soils  of  these  valleys 


110  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

are  rich,  black,  and  heavy,  while  those  of  the  terraces,  also 
capable  of  cultivation,  are  a  warm,  sandy  loam.  Irrigation  is 
extensively  practiced,  and  must  be  relied  upon,  as  the  rainfall 
is  too  light  for  agricultural  purposes.  By  this  process,  Mon- 
tana produced,  in  1880,  40,000  bushels  of  barley,  470,000 
bushels  of  wheat,  and  900,000  bushels  of  oats.  Single  acres 
have  been  made  to  yield,  of  oats,  101  bushels;  of  wheat,  102 
bushels;  of  barley,  113  bushels;  and  of  potatoes,  613  bushels; 
while  "corn  has  been  made  to  yield  30  to  50  bushels  per  acre. 
Both  spring  and  winter  wheat  are  grown,  and,  in  some  cases,  the 
cost  of  irrigation  has  been  as  low  as  fifty  cents  per  acres.  Veg- 
etables, as  peas,  beans,  cabbage,  cucumbers,  and  tomatoes,  are 
successfully  produced.  Such  fruits  as  apples,  plums,  and 
grapes,  are  raised,  of  good  quality;  while  small  fruits,  as 
strawberries,  currants,  raspberries,  and  gooseberries,  are,  in 
some  localities;  made  to  yield  satisfactorily.  There  is  a  ready 
market  for  fruits  and  vegetables,  and  at  three  times  the  price 
they  bring  in  the  Eastern  States.  One  of  these  farms,  near 
Helena,  is  said  to  send,  on  an  average,  $5.500  worth  of  fruit 
and  vegetables  to  market,  per  year.  Not  to  exceed  one-tenth 
part  of  the  agricultural  land  has  yet  been  entered  for  settle- 
ment, and  less  than  300,000  acres  are  under  cultivation.  The 
following  table,  compiled  from  the  Report  of  the  Census  Bu- 
reau, at  Washington,  shows  the  yield  of  cereals  per  acre,  in 
Montana,  in  comparison  with  the  United  States,  in  general: 

MONTANA.  UNITED    STATES. 

Wheat 26  bu.  per  acre 12  bu.  per  acre. 

Rye 28     "        "  ...10     " 

Oats 37     "        "  25     " 

Corn 28     "        "  28     "        " 

Buckwheat 12     "        "  13     " 

Barley 30     "        "  22    " 

Millions  of  acres  of  this  land  can  yet  be  secured  under  the 
pre-emption  act,  or  may  be  purchased  from  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific Railway  Company,  for  which  they  charge  from  $2.50  to 
$5  per  acre.  By  the  exemption  laws  of  Montana,  a  homestead, 


•        Resources  of  the  Rocky' Mountains.  Ill 

not  exceeding  160  acres  in  land,  or  $2,500  in  value,  together 
with  household  furnifrire,  apparel,  farm  implements,  and  a 
small  amount  of  stock,  cannot  be  attached  for  debt.  Minne- 
sota, Dakota,  and  Montana,  are  undoubtedly  among  the  finest 
grain  growing  regions  of  America,  or  the  world. 

THE  GRAZING  LANDS. 

The  38,000,000  acres  of  grazing  lands  which  Montana  con- 
tains are  found  upon  the  plains,  and  in  the  mountain  basins 
and  valleys,  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  State.  These  are  cov- 
ered with  the  nutritions  bunch  and  buffalo  grasses,  which  grow 
rapidly  in  the  spring,  especially  if  the  ground  has  been  well 
saturated  with  water  from  the  melting  snows.  The  first  of 
these  reaches  a  height  of  twelve  to  eighteen  inches,  ripens  and 
nicely  cures  by  the  middle  of  July.  On  this,  cattle,  sheep,  and 
horses,  thrive  and  fatten  faster  in  the  fall  than  earlier  in  the 
season.  These  grasses  grow  well  up  on  the  foot-hills,  and  will 
bear  close  cropping  without  being  destroyed.  It  is  claimed 
they  are  superior  to  the  blue-grass  of  Kentucky,  or  the  mesquit 
of  Texas.  Upon  them,  stock  thrive  the  year  round,  without 
other  food. 

Montana  has  within  her  borders  400,000  cattle  and  nearly 
500,000  head  of  sheep.  These  cattle  are  worth  about  $25  per 
head,  equal  to  $10,000,000;  while  the  sheep  are  estimated  at 
$3.50  per  head,  equal  to  $1,750,000.  The  export  of  cattle 
amounts  to  over  30,000  head  per  annum;  while  the  wool  clip 
is  not  lesss  than  3,000,000  pounds.  The  stock  business  of 
Montana  has  grown  up  entirely  within  ten  years,  and  the 
profits  are  said  to  average  from  20  to  25  per  cent,  per  annum 
on  the  capital  invested.  The  expense  of  caring  for  cattle  is  $1 
per  head  a  year,  as  they  get  neither  extra  food  nor  shelter. 
Sheep  require  more  care,  and  hay  is  put  up  and  fed  to  them 
during  the  stormy  season.  Most  of  the  flocks  are  composed 
of  high  grade  Cotswolds,  or  Merinos,  whose  fleeces,  clipped, 
average  six  pounds  each.  Sheep  are  brought  here  from  Cali- 
fornia, as  well  as  from  other  States  and  Territories,  and  the 


112  Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains.       • 

profits  have  been  so  large,  that  there  is  as  great  a  rage  for  wool- 
growing  as  for  cattle-raising.  All  the  most  desirable  ranges 
are  rapidly  being  appropriated;  yet  there  is  room  for  vaster 
numbers  of  both  cattle  and  sheep  than  the  Territory  holds  at 
present.  A  profitable  opportunity  is  oifered  in  Montana,  for 
the  dairymen,  where  a  butter  famine  exists  as  regularly  as  winter 
comes  on.  Turkeys,  chickens,  and  eggs,  bring  fabulous  prices, 
for  the  miners  will  live  upon  the  best  in  the  land,  cost  what  it 
may.  The  beef  and  mutton  of  the  Territory,  owing  to  the 
better  grade  of  stock,  are  of  superior  quality,  and  command  a 
high  price  in  the  Eastern  markets.  Professor  Thomas,  in  his 
report  on  the  resources  of  the  Territory,  says:  •'  Without  in- 
justice to  any  other  part  of  the  West,  it  may  be  truly  said  of 
Montana,  that  it  is  the  best  grazing  section  of  the  Rocky 
Mountain  region." 

HER   FORESTS. 

Some  14,000,000  acres  of  Montana's  mountains  are  covered 
with  dense  forests  of  coniferse,  as  pine,  spruce,  cedar,  and 
tamarac.  The  heaviest  timber  is  found  in  the  mineral  dis- 
tricts, where  it  is  most  needed,  the  dark  pine  being  fringed  at 
the  base  of  the  mountains  by  aspens.  Missoula  and  Deer 
Lodge  counties,  in  the  Northwestern  part  of  the  Tenitory, 
contain  magnificent  forests,  where  cedar,  spruce,  and  yellow 
pine  grow  to  grand  proportions,  most  of  them  towering  three 
hundred  feet  high,  with  a  diameter  at  the  base  of  six  feet. 
In  these  counties  there  is  found  a  species  of  mahogany,  which 
is  said  to  be  as  heavy  and  fine  grained  as  that  produced  in 
Honduras.  These  trees  attain  a  size  of  ten  inches  in  diame- 
ter. Along  the  streams  considerable  amount  of  cottonwood, 
willow,  box-elder,  etc.,  grow.  There  are  over  fifty  saw  mills 
in  Montana,  which  turn  out  7,500,000  feet  of  lumber  annu- 
ally; worth  for  rough  lumber  $25  per  1,000  feet.  The  demand 
is  steadily  on  the  increase,  not  only  for  heavy  timber  to  put 
into  the  mines,  but  for  all  grades  for  building  purposes,  so 
that  a  number  of  planing  mills,  sash  and  blind  factories,  and 
furniture  factories  are  already  in  operation.  The  cedar  makes 


Gardiner  Kiver  Hot  Spring's,  Yellowstone  Park. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  113 

beautiful  furniture,  and  is  used  extensively  for  finishing  pur- 
poses, bringing,  when  dressed,  $40  per  1,000  feet.  Where 
such  fine  timber  exists,  in  a  rapidly  growing  Territory,  the 
lumber  business  must  become  an  important  industry.  In 
these  forests  are  found  moose,  elk,  deer,  mountain  sheep 
bears,  wolves,  wild  cats,  and  panthers,,  and  sometimes,  on  the 
extreme  northern  border,  the  Rocky  Mountain  goat;  while  buf- 
falo, and  antelope  stay  in  unsettled  localities,  though  they  are 
fast  being  destroyed.  One  hundred  thousand  buffalo  robes  have 
been  shipped  in  a  single  year  from  Fort  Ben  ton;  while  the 
skins  of  such  fur-bearing  animals  as  otter,  mink,  fox,  marten, 
beaver,  and  musk-rat,  are  secured  by  tens  of  thousands.  The 
lakes  and  rivers  are  full  of  water  fowl,  while  small  game,  as 
grouse,  sage-hens,  prairie-chickens,  and  rabbits,  abound. 
These  waters  are  also  full  of  trout  and  other  varieties  of  fish. 

MINERAL  RESOURCES. 

The  mineral  resources  of  Montana  have  been  long  known. 
The  first  discovery  of  gold  was  made  in  Gold  Creek  in  1861, 
by  an  old  Mexican  miner.  Next  to  California,  Montana  has 
produced  more  gold  from  her  gulches  than  any  other  section 
of  the  United  States.  Alder  gulch,  near  Virginia  city,  it  is 
claimed,  has  yielded  during  the  past  eighteen  years,  $50,000,- 
000  in  gold;  while  the  yield  of  placer  mines  elsewhere  in  the 
Territory,  is  placed  at  $30,000,000,  making  Montana's  gold 
production  up  to  January  1,  1883,  $80,000,000.  These  placers 
arc  not  exhausted,  though  very  much  decreased  in  productive- 
ness; but  more  attention  is  now  given  to  vein  mining,  in  which 
are  found  both  gold  and  silver  ores.  Copper,  lead,  and  coal 
have  also  been  found,  and  mining  has  just  fairly  commenced. 
Montana  contains  twelve  counties,  named  as  follows:  Daw- 
son,  Ouster,  Choteau,  Meagher,  Gallatin,  Madison,  Beaver- 
head,  Silver  Bow,  Jefferson,  Deer  Lodge,  Lewis  and  Clarke, 
and  Missoula.  The  four  first  named  include  the  grazing  and 
agricultural  sections,  and  cover  two-thirds  of  the  Territory. 
The  other  counties  contain  the  mineral  regions,  though  some 


114  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

fine  mineral  veins  are  found  in  the  western  portions  of  both 
Ohotean  and  Meagher  counties.  The  principal  towns  and 
cities  are  Butte  City,  Helena,  Fort  Benton,  Deer  Lodge,  Boze- 
man,  Glendale,  Dillon,  Miles  City,  Virginia  City,  Missoula, 
Phillipsburgh,  Bannack  City,  Belmont,  and  Radersburg;  with 
a  population  of  7,000  for  Butte  City  and  6,000  for  Helena, 
decreasing  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  named  to  Raclers- 
berg,  which  contains  only  200  people.  Helena  is  the  capital 
of  the  State,  and  is  the  center  of  a  rich  mining  region.  It 
contains  fine  church  and  school  Duildings,  elegant  stores  and 
public  buildings,  two  daily  papers,  two  banks  and  a  United 
States  assay  office,  besides  foundries,  saw,  grist  mills,  etc. 
Jefferson  county,  which  lies  immediately  south  of  Lewis  and 
Clark,  and  the  western  portion  of  Meagher,  are  tributary  to 
Helena  as  a  mining  center.  Here  are  located  smelters,  aras- 
tras,  and  stamp  mills,  for  the  treatment  of  ores.  Of  the 
mines  in  the  Helena  district  we  may  mention  the  Penobscot, 
which  has  produced  over  $1,000,000;  the  Drum  Lumon,  with 
a  quartz  vein  90  feet  wide,  carrying  both  gold  and  silver  worth 
$50  per  ton ;  this  mine  has  just  been  sold  to  an  English  syndicate 
for  $1,630,000;  the  Belmont,  which  works  thirty  stamps  on  low 
grade  gold  ore,  yielding  $10  to  the  ton;  the  Hickey  and  Blue 
Bird  mines,  which  have  yielded  their  owners  over  $120,000  in 
gold  from  a  vein  6  feet  wide;  the  Albion  group,  which  yield 
ore  worth  $30  per  ton;  the  Gloster  mine,  which  runs  one  hun- 
dred stamps  on  ore  that  yields  $15  per  ton;  also  the  Black 
Alder,  producing  $25  ore,  and  the  Whitelach  Union,  whose 
product  has  amounted  to  over  $3,500,000.  East  of  Helena 
are  the  Star  of  Hope,  Bonanza  Chief,  and  Legal  Tender 
mines,  all  of  good  promise.  Here  is  also  the  famous  Last 
Chance  gulch,  which,  with  its  tributaries,  has  yielded  $15,- 
000,000  in  gold.  In  Jefferson  county  are  located  the  famous 
Gregory  and  Alta  Montana  mines.  The  ores  here 

YIELD  PROM  $75  TO  $250  PER  TOI*. 

with  50  per  cent.  lead.  The  Gregory  contains  very  rich  ore, 
being  heavy  galena  impregnated  with  native  silver.  The 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  115 

Alta  Montana  Company  concentrate  their  ores,  in  which 
there  is  so  much  lead  as  to  require  little  dressing,  although 
iron  and  lime  are  at  hand  for  fluxing.  The  Alta,  Rumley> 
Ouster,  and  North  Pacific  mines  all  furnish  good  ore,  the 
first-named  yielding  as  high  as  1600  to  the  ton.  Copper  is 
found  in  the  Argenta  and  Comet  mines,  and  also  in  the  Holter 
and  Copper  King,  where  the  rich  sulphurets  in  the  latter  give 
50  percent,  pure  metal.  The  gulch  mines  in  this  district  are 
said  to  pay  handsomely.  In  Silver  Bow  county  is  located 
Butte  City,  the  most  prosperous  place  in  the  Territory,  which 
has  grown  to  its  present  size  in  five  years.  This  is  the  best 
developed  quartz  mining  district  in  Montana,  and  thirteen 
hundred  locations  have  already  been  patented.  Ten  stamp 
mills  are  in  operation,  with  a  combined  capacity  of  233 
stamps.  They  have  also  four  smelters,  which  together  reduce 
250  tons  of  ore  per  day.  This  ore  contains  both  silver  and 
copper,  and  yields  on  an  average  $40  per  ton,  so  that  the  total 
amount  of  ore  treated  by  the  stamp  mills  and  smelters  of 
Butte  City  per  day  will  amount  to  450  tons,  worth  $18,000. 
As  $600,000  worth  of  crude  copper  ores  are  shipped  from  this 
district*  the  production  of  the  Butte  City  region  may  be  set  down 
at  $6,000,000  per  annum.  This  district  includes  the  mines  of 
Deer  Lodge  county  as  well  as  those  of  Silver  Bow.  The  veins 
are  true  fissures.  The  most  extensively  developed  mine  is 
the  Alice,  which  lias  a  three-compartment  shaft  down  700 
feet,  with  cross-cuts  every  100  feet,  besides  drifts  and  levels 
opening  up  the  ore  bodies,  which*  are  well  defined  and  exten- 
sive. The  mine  for  the  past  five  years  has  averaged  fifty  tons 
of  ore  per  day.  The  company  has  paid  $500,000  in  dividends, 
besides  purchasing  a  large  amount  of  property.  The  mills 
and  furnaces  of  this  company  consume  1,000  tons  of  salt  and 
40,000  pounds  of  quicksilver  per  annum,  at  a  cost  of  $120,- 
000.  The  Lexington  is  another  leading  mine,  and  was  pur- 
chased by  a  French  company  in  1881  for  $1,500,000.  Prior  to 
the  sale,  with  the  most  primitive  appliances,  this  mine  netted 
over  $500,000,  The  ore  body  has  a  uniform  width  of  ten  feet, 


116  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

and  is  exposed  for  a  distance  of  975  feet.  A  very  complete 
forty  stamp  mill  has  been  erected,  and  a  1,000-foot  shaft  started, 
from  which  4,000  tons  of  ore  have  been  taken  out,  that  have 
yielded  $82  to  the  ton  in  gold  and  silver.  It  is  considered  the 
highest  grade  big  silver  mice  in  the  district,  and  has  yielded 
almost  every  grade  of  ore  up  to  native  silver.  The  La  Plata 
mine  has  a  history.  Its  vein  averages  five  feet  in  thickness, 
and  is  developed  by  an  incline  shaft  130  feet  deep,  with  drifts 
east  and  west  100  feet  long.  From  this  development  4,000 
tons  of  ore  have  been  extracted,  the  best  of  which,  amounting 
to  more  than  half,  was  shipped  to  Germany,  having  been 
transported  five  hundred  miles  in  wagons  to  the  Union  Pacific 
Eailway,  before  the  Utah  Northern  was  built.  This  ore  was 
worth  about  $275  per  ton,  the  net  returns  for  the  same  amount- 
ing to  $140  to  the  ton.  The  high  grade  ore  in  these  mines 
does  not  convey  a  correct  idea  of  the  Butte  mining  district, 
the  ores  for  the  most  part  being  low  grade,  not  averaging  over 
$35  per  ton.  The  other  leading  silver  mines  of  the  district 
are  the  Algonquin,  Acquisiton,  Shonbar,  Moulton,  Vulcan, 
Clear  Grit,  Gagnon,  Cora,  Original,  Trout,  Hope,  Comanche, 
and  Belle  of  Butte.  These  are  all  producing  properties,  the 
Algonquin  having  yielded  $300,000  in  the  past  two  years, 
while  the  Trout  and  Hope  Mines  are  sending  out  ores  that 
give  $45  in  silver  to  the  ton.  In  this  district  is  located  the 
Atlantic  Cable  Gold  mine,  from  one  of  whose  pockets  the 
owners  are  said  to  have  taken  $20,000.  Discoveries  of  rich 
copper  ore  have  been  made  here  during  the  past  two  years, 
and  there  are  dozens  of  properties  which  show  veins  varying 
in  width  from  10  to  50  feet.  Mines  like  the  Anaconda,  Co- 
lusa,  St.  Lawrence,  and  Parrot  have  extensive  bodies  of  cop- 
per glance.  Many  other  mines,  as  the  Modoc,  Liquidator, 
Bell,  Parrot,  Cora,  and  Ramsdells,  contain  bodies  of  low  grade 
copper  ore.  Some  of  these  ores  have  been  shipped  to  Balti- 
more for  separation,  and  20  per  cent,  pure  metal  is  said  to  be 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  117 

not  an  unusual  yield.    These  two  counties  have  not  only  silver, 
gold,  and  copper  in  abundance,  but  also 

IMMENSE  DEPOSITS  OF  COAL,  IRON  AND  LEAD. 

Missoula  county  has  some  promising  mines  in  the  Wallace 
district,  also  on  Nine  Mile  Creek,  and  in  the  gulches  of  Cedar 
and  Quartz  creeks,  and  in  the  Sunrise  district.  Many  of  these 
gulches  are  worked  for  gold  by  Chinamen.  Beaverhead  county 
has  produced  $4,000,000  in  gold  from  placers  since  1862. 
They  have  also  some  rich  silver  mines,  among  which  may  be 
named  the  True  Fissure,  Cleve,  and  Atlantis.  The  Hecla 
Consolidated  Mining  Company's  Works  are  located  at  Glen- 
dale,  and  have  cost  about  $500,000.  A  narrow  guage  road  is 
being  constructed  among  the  mines  for  a  distance  of  ten  miles, 
and  a  flume  twelve  miles  in  length  has  been  built  to  bring 
wood  down  from  the  mountains.  In  the  Elkhorn  district  the 
Storm  mine  has  a  ten-foot  vein  containing  ore  worth  $50  per 
ton.  In  the  Bannack  district  are  the  Excelsior  and  St.  Paul 
mines,  while  the  Medicine  Lodge  district  shows  not  only 
placers  but  fine  veins  of  both  coal  and  copper.  Madison 
county  contains  the  famous  Alder  gulch,  which  has  yielded 
$50,000,000  in  gold.  Many  gold  mines  are  worked  at  a  profit 
in  this  country,  and  their  yield  for  1882  amounted  to  about 
$1,000,000.  Among  the  silver  mines  here  may  be  named  the 
Bullion,  which  contains  in  a  narrow  crevice  of  only  a  few 
inches  in  width,  silver  glance  and  sulphuret  ores  that  yield 
many  thousands  of  dollars  to  the  ton.  Here  are  the  Palmetto 
and  Crown  Point  mines,  with  veins  from  one  to  two  feet  wide, 
that  yield  ore  running  from  $100  to  $500  per  ton.  In  this 
county  there  are  rich  deposits  of  copper,  zinc,  coal,  and  iron. 
The  zinc  and  copper  ores  give  20  to  30  per  cent,  pure  metal. 
Gallatin  county  has  some  rich  mineral  veins  in  the  Bear  and 
Emigrant  gulch  districts.  Immense  deposits  of  magnetic  iron 
ore  have  been  found  south  and  east  of  Bozeman,  also  large 
deposits  of  coal.  In  Meagher  county  are  many  noted  gold 
gulches.  Near  Diamond  City,  in  1868,  was  located  Montana 


118  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Bar.  This  was  half  a  mile  long  by  250  feet  wide,  and  yielded 
$100,000  for  every  100  lineal  feet  it  measured.  This  county 
is  credited  with  having  produced  $10,000,000  in  the  precious 
metals. 

RICH  COPPER   DEPOSITS. 

Here  are  also  found  immense  deposits  of  copper,  which 
assay  from  20  to  50  per  cent,  pure  metal.  Of  these  copper 
ores  Professor  Raymond  says:  "The  almost  uniform  experi- 
ence of  working  Montana  copper  veins  has  been  to  demon- 
strate that  the  veins  improve  in  width  and  richness  the  deeper 
the  shafts  are  sunk.  At  a  depth  of  from  80  to  100  feet,  sev- 
eral of  them  show  ore  that  will  average  50  per  cent,  copper, 
though  near  the  surface  the  same  openings  yielded  ore  carry- 
ing but  25  to  33  per  cent.  The  lodes  of  copper  are  abundant, 
and  the  veins  from  4  to  100  feet  in  width."  In  Choteau  county 
are  the  mines  of  Bear  Paw  mountains  besides  gulch  mines  near 
Fort  Benton,  which  is  its  chief  town  and  has  1,500  inhabit- 
ants. In  the  Baker  district  and  at  Maiden  rich  gold  and  sil- 
ver lodes  have  been  discovered,  and  one  smelter  is  in  operation 
at  Baker.  Fort  Benton  is  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the 
Missouri,  while  25  miles  above  are  the  great  falls  of  that  river, 
where,  being  300  yards  wide,  it  plunges  over  a  precipice  90  feet 
high.  Before  reaching  this  it  passes  over  twelve  lesser  falls 
in  the  space  of  ten  miles,  thus  making  a  total  descent  of  400 
feet.  Coal  and  iron  abound,  and  it  is  said  there  are  50,000 
square  miles  of  coal  in  the  Territory. 

Precious  stones,  as  agates,  garnets,  rubies,  amethyst,  and 
jasper  are  found  in  many  localities.  A  ledge  'of  amethyst 
eighteen  inches  wide  has  recently  been  discovered  on  Running 
Wolf  Creek,  and  a  mountain  of  Jasper,  near  Belmont  Park. 
Ledges  of  fine  white  marble  and  sandstone  of  superior  quality 
have  been  found  in  Madison  county. 

POPULATION  AND  GROWTH. 

Montana  has  a  population  of  60,000,  and  is  rapidly  increas- 
ing in  numbers  from  immigration.  There  are  20,000  Indians 


Resources  of  the.  Rocky  Mountains.  119 

within  her  borders,  settled  upon  reservations,  which  cover 
53,370  square  miles,  or  more  than  one-third  of  the  Territory. 
The  tribes  thus  located-  are  the  Crow,  Blackfeet,  Flathead, 
Pend  D'Oreille,  Blood,  Kootenai,  Pigeon,  Assiniboine,  Gros 
Ventre,  and  Dakotas.  Two  railway  lines  have  entered  the 
Territory,  one,  the  Utah  Northern,  starting  from  Ogden,  in 
Utah,  at  the  junction  of  the  Union  and  Central  Pacific  roads, 
passes  due  north  through  Idaho  and  has  its  northern  terminus 
at  Helena.  The  other,  the  Northern  Pacific,  which  has  its 
eastern  termini  at  Duluth  and  St.  Paul,  passes  west  through 
Minnesota  and  Dakota,  crossing  the  border  into  Montana  at 
Sentinel  Butte,  640  miles  from  St.  Paul.  In  a  few  miles  it 
enters  the  valley  of  the  Yellowstone.  "The  railroad  follows 
up  this  grand  valley  from  Glendive  to  a  point  twenty-five  miles 
east  of  Bozeman,  or  340  miles,  thence  crossing  the  belt  range 
through  Bozcman  Pass,  twenty-five  miles  to  Bozeman,  where 
it  enters  the  Gallatin  Valley.  It  follows  westerly  down  f,he 
Gallatin  and  Missouri  rivers  a  distance  of  100  miles  to  Helena. 
Thence  the  track  will  climb  the  main  range  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  passing  through  the  summit  by  the  Mullen  tun- 
nel, and  descending  the  western  slope,  continues  clown  the 
valleyuof  the  Little  Blackfoot,  Hellgate,  Missoula,  and  Clark's 
Fork  of  the  Columbia,  in  nearly  a  continuous  valley,  to  Lake 
Pend  D'Oreille,  a  further  distance  of  nearly  three  hundred 
miles;  thus  following  valleys  for  seven-eighths  of  its  whole 
length  in  Montana."  The  eastern  end  of  the  road  is  already 
completed  to  Bozeman,  more  than  1,000  miles  from  St.  Paul, 
while  600  miles  are  in  operation  from  Porland,  Oregon,  east, 
leaving  only  300  miles  of  the  road  in  Montana  to  be  finished. 
On  this  13,000  men  are  employed,  8,000  of  whom  are  China- 
men. The  total  distance  from  St.  Paul  to  Portland,  Oregon, 
is  1,950  miles,  and  the  road  will  be  entirely  completed  and 
equipped  ready  for  business  by  October  1,  1883.  A  branch 
will  be  built  from  Livingstone,  a  few  miles  east  of  Bozeman, 
due  south  seventy-five  miles  into  the  heart  of  the  Yellowstone 


120  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


National  Park,  of  Wyoming.  This  will  be  completed  by  the 
Fourth  of  July,  1883.  The  company  has  in  use  at  present  5,000 
freight  cars,  60  passenger  coaches,  20  baggage'  and  express 
cars,  14  sleepers,  and  250  locomotives.  They  are  also  having 
constructed  at  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Works,  near  Chicago, 
50  first-class  coaches,  37  second-class,  10  dining,  cars,  and  12 
sleepers;  while  120  locomotives  are  being  built  for  them  at 
Bhiladelphia  and  at  Portland,  Oregon.  Thus  are  the  mighty 
resources  of  the  Western  empire  being  rapidly  developed. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  121 


DAKOTA. 


Her  Great  Bonanza  Farms.  —  A  Realm  Where  Wheat 
is  King.  —  Her  Climate  and  Magic  Cities.  —  The 
Northern  Pacific  Railway.  —  The  Treasures  of  the 
Black  Hills  in  Gold,  Silver,  Copper,  Lead,  Coal,  Salt, 
Oil,  and  Mica. 

Dakota,  like  Montana,  is  an  empire.  It  contains  150,932 
square  miles,  or  96,596,488  acres  of  land.  It  is  the  third  in 
size  of  the  political  divisions  of  the  United  States,  California 
and  Texas  alone,  being  larger;  the  former  containing  188,981 
and  the  latter  274,856  square  miles.  It  is  equal  to  the  com- 
bined areas  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  and  West  Virginia,  or 
nearly  as  large  as  the  Republic  of  France.  It  was  organized 
a  territory  by  act  of  Congress,  in  1861;  and  is  located  between 
the  43d  and  49th  parallels  of  north  latitude,  and  the  96°  25:, 
and  the  104th  meridian  west  of  Greenwich.  On  the  north  it 
is  bounded  by  the  British  Possessions;  east,  by  Minnesota  and 
Iowa;  south,  by  Nebraska;  and  west,  by  Wyoming  and  Mon- 
tana. Its  mean  elevation  is  1,950  feet;  one-half  the  Territory 
lying  between  1,000  and  2,000  feet;  one-third  between  2,000 
and  3,000,  and  the  remainder,  which  includes  the  Black  Hills 
region,  between  3,000  and  7,000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  Mis- 
souri River  cuts  the  Territory  diagonally  from  northwest  to 
southeast,  into  two  nearly  equal  parts.  The  eastern  portion 
is  again  about  equally  divided  by  the  James  River,  which, 
running  southeast,  empties  into  the  Missouri  at  Yankton. 
Between  the  Missouri  and  the  James  rivers  the  country  con- 


122  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

sists  of  elevated  table  lands,  known  as  the  "Plateau  du  Coteau 
du  Missouri." 

On  the  northern  border,  just  west  of  the  Red  River,  are  the 
Pembina  Mountains;  while  a  hundred  miles  further  west,  are 
the  group  known  as  the  Turtle  Mountains,  from  the  fact  that 
they  resemble  in  their  contour,  a  huge  turtle — one-  hundred 
and  fifty  miles  long,  by  fifty  in  width.  These  mountains  are 
elongated  in  a  northwest  and  southeast  course,  and*  extend 
over  into  Manitoba.  Just  south  of  them  are  the  famous  Sand 
Hills  and  Poplar  Groves.  Of  this  region,  a  recent  writer 
says: 

•'THE  TURTLE  MOUNTAIN  REGION 

proper,  which  lies  along  the  boundary  line,  covers^  an  area 
many  miles  square,  and  is  clothed  with  a  dense  growth  of  tim- 
ber, the  largest  area  and  most  valuable  quality  that  has  been 
discovered  between  the  Minnesota  pineries  and  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  It  consists  of  oak,  ash,  elm,  cherry,  birch,  and 
other  varieties,  and  the  trees  are  large  and  of  great  value  for 
manufacturing  purposes.  The  woods  are  full  of  wild  game — 
bear,  deer,  elk,  etc. — and  it  has  never  been  hunted  to  any  ex- 
tent, the  antelope  upon  the  plains  being  so  plentiful  that  the 
Indians  have  not  gone  into  the  forests  for  either  sport  or  food. 

The  south  side  of  the  mountains  descend  in  gentle  rolls, 
covered  with  excellent  grass,  and  the  timber  line  skirts  along 
at  distances  of  from  a  few  rods  to  half  a  mile  from  the  base. 
Frequent  ravines,  with  gently  sloping,  woody  sides,  cut  the 
mountains  at  intervals,  and  streams  dash  through  the  forest 
to  the  plain.  These  streams  show  the  presence  of  spring-fed 
lakes  somewhere  in  the  mountains.  Some  of  them  broaden 
into  lakes  on  the  prairie,  while  others,  after  flowing  several 
miles,  suddenly  disappear  into  subterranean  passages. 

The  soil  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  mountain,  as  well 
as  for  a  hundred  miles  around  it,  is  remarkably  black  and  rich. 
Where  the  streams  have  cut  through  it  appears  at  least  four 
feet  deep,  with  a  clay  subsoil.  The  half-breeds  and  Canadian 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  123 

Frenchmen,  who  intermingle  with  the  Indians,  have  cultivated 
this  soil  for  years,  and  have  raised  large  crops  of  grain  and  veg- 
etables." 

LAKES    AND    EIVEKS. 

There  are  numerous  lakelets  of  alkaline  water,  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  Territory,  among  which  are:  The  Twins,  Hur- 
ricane, Antelope,  Minnie,  Arrowood,  Salt,  etc.;  besides  Stump 
and  Sweet  Water  Lakes,  but  the  largest  of  these  is,    "Minnie 
Waukan,  or  Devil's  Lake."   This  is  fifty-five  miles  long  by  six 
wide,  and  has  no  outlet.     The  shores  of  this  lake  are  lined 
with  white  rocks,  while,  in  some  places,  its  banks  are  covered 
with  a  heavy  growth  of  timber.     Surrounding   this   lake   are 
said  to  be  millions  of   acres  of  fine  agricultural  land,  npon 
which  settlers  are  living  in  sod  houses,  awaiting  the  time  when 
they  can  secure  titles.     This   region   is   being  opened  up  to 
settlement  by  the  St.   Paul,  Minneapolis  &  Manitoba  Railway 
Company.    To  the  south  and  east  these  plateaus  fall  off  into  the 
valleys  of  the  Missouri,  James,  and  Red  rivers;  the  two  last  being 
the  greatest  wheat  producing  regions  in  the  world.    West  of  the 
Missouri,  stretching  away   to  Montana,   Wyoming,  and  Colo- 
rado, and  through  Nebraska  and  Kansas   on   the   south,    are 
spread  out  the  great  plains  of  the  American  continent.     This 
is  the  grazing  region  of  the  West,  where  unnumbered  millions 
of  buffalo  were  wont  to  roam,  and  where  vast  herds  of  cattle, 
sheep,  and  horses  now  find  subsistence.     The  river  system  of 
Dakota  consists  chiefly  of  the  Missouri   and   its   tributaries. 
This  great  river  enters  the  Territory  in  the  northwestern  cor- 
ner, near  Fort  Buford,  where  it  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the 
Upper  Missouri  and  Yellowstone  rivers,  coming  down  from 
Montana.     It  then  receives  from  the  north  the  White  Earth 
River,    and  from  the  west  the  Little  Missouri,  Cannon  Ball, 
Grand,  Owl,  Cheyenne,  Bad,  White,  and  Niobrara;  while  the 
James  and  the  Big  Sioux  rivers   add   their  tributes  near  the 
southeastern  border.    In  the  northern  portion  of  the  Territory 
are  the  Mouse  and  Pembina  rivers,  and  the  famous  Red  River 


124  Eesources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

of  the  North,  all  of  which   flow   northward   into   Winnipeg 
Lake.     These  form  the  drainage  system  of  Dakota. 

THE  CLIMATE  OF  THE  TERRITORY 

is  varied,  the  southern  and  eastern  portions  being  both  warmer 
and  more  humid  than  the  western,  which  is,  colder  and  much 
more  arid.  The  maximum  temperature  reaches  104  deg.,  F., 
whilst  the  minimum  touches  40  degrees  below  zero.  The  mean 
annual  temperature,  for  eleven  points,  gives  43  deg.,  F.,  for  the 
entire  Territory.  The  rainfall,  taken  at  nine  points,  gives  for 
the  mean,  15.77  inches,  73  per  cent,  of  which  falls  during  the 
spring  and  summer.  Dakota  is  divided  into  one  hundred 
counties,  and  has  many  promising  towns  and  cities,  the  chief 
of  which  are  Fargo,  Casselton,  Jamestown,  Bismarck,  Mandan, 
and  Deadwood.  Fargo  is  the  capital,  and  contains  a  popula- 
tion of  5,000,  while  Bismarck  has  a  population  of  over  3,000. 
These  two  cities  are  located  on  the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
Railroad;  the  former  at  the  crossing  of  the  Red  River,  and  the 
latter  at  that  of  the  Missouri.  The  Territory  contains  three 
centers  of  population.  First,  the  southern  portion,  where  the 
people  are  mostly  American  farmers  from  the  neighboring 
States.  Then  there  is  the  Red  River  region,  and  the  lands 
contiguous  to  the  Northern  Pacific  road,  where  Norwegians, 
Swedes,  and  Germans,  with  enterprising  Americans,  are  locat- 
ing by  thousands.  The  third  center  is  the  region  of  the  Black 
Hills,  in  the  western  corner,  where  the  miners  of  the  western 
mountains,  those  brave,  strong,  active,  and  independent 
spirits,  grapple  with  nature  for  her  gold. 

Dakota  has  a  population  of  175,000,  of  which  25,000  are 
Indians.  These  consist  of  the  Dakotas,  Arickarees,  Mandans, 
and  Gros  Ventres;  the  Dakotas  numbering  23,000.  To  these 
tribes  are  allotted  reservations,  in  various  parts  of  the  Terri- 
tory, amounting  to  54,440  square  miles,  or  more  than  one- 
third  of  its  entire  area.  It  is  stated  that  the  smaller  tribes  are 
making  a  little  progress  in  agriculture.  In  the  way  of  manu- 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  125 


facturing,  there  are  twenty  brickyards,  thirty-five  flouring 
mills,  and  forty  saw  mills  in  the  Territory,  besides  various 
factories  in  the  towns  and  cities.  The  Red  River  is  navigable 
for  many  miles;  and  the  Missouri,  the  entire  distance  through 
the  Territory;  but  the  chief  means  by  which  settlements  are 
being  made,  is  the  great  transcontinental  line, 

THE  NORTHERN  PACIFIC   RAILW&Y. 

From  its  termini,  at  Duluth  and  St,  Paul,  the  two  branches 
unite  at  Brainerd,  in.  Minnesota,  and  push  forward,  crossing 
the  Dakota  border  at  Fargo,  from  whence  the  road  runs  almost 
due  west  across  the  northern  portion  of  the  Territory,  to  Sen- 
tinel Butte,  on  the  borders  of  Montana;  thence  up  the  Yellow- 
stone, and  over  the  Rocky  Mountain  ranges,  across  Idaho,  and 
down  the  Columbia,  to  Portland,  Oregon;  a  total  distance  of 
1,950  miles.  From  Fargo,  at  the  crossing  of  the  Red  River, 
it  throws  off  a  branch  to  Grand  Rapids,  on  the  James.  From 
Casselton,  it  sends  a  branch  northward  to  Winnipeg,  in  Man- 
itoba. From  Jamestown,  a  branch  runs  northward  up  the 
James  River;  while  another  branch  has  been  projected  from 
Bismarck,  northwest,  along  the  Missouri,  to  Fort  Buford. 
From  Wadena,  Minnesota,  a  road  has  been  built  to  Brecken- 
ridge,  in  Dakota,  whence  a  branch  has  been  surveyed  to  the 
Black  Hills.  Since  the  opening  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
way through  Dakota,  towns  and  villages  have  sprung  up  as  if  by 
magic,  and  the  following  points  are  now  stations  on  that  line: 
Fargo,  Maple  ton,  Dalrymple,  Casselton,  Wheatland,  New 
Buifalo,  Tower  City,  Carlton,  Valley  City,  Sanborn,  Eckelson, 
Spittwood,  Jamestown,  Eldridge,  Alsop,  Midway,  Crystal 
Springs,  Tappin,  Dawson,  Steele,  Clarke,  Bismarck,  Mandan, 
Marmot,  Sweet  Briar,  Spur,  Blue  Grass,  Bly's  Mine,  Curlew, 
Kurtz,  Eagles'  Nest,  Knife  River,  Y.  M.  Butte,  Antelope, 
Green  River,  Dickinson,  South  Heart,  Houston,  Fogarty, 
Sully  Springs,  Little  Missouri,  Andrews,  and  Sentinel  Butte. 
These  are  agricultural  or  grazing  centers,  and  are  the  shipping 
points  for  grain  and  stock. 


126  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  forests  of  Minnesota  furnish  fuel  for  the  eastern  portion 
of  Dakota,  while  the  whole  country,  west  of  the  Missouri 
River,  as  far  as  Bozeman,  Montana,  is  underlaid  with  lignite 
coal  of  good  quality.  A  mine  is  now  being  successfully 
worked,  about  forty  miles  west  of  Mandan,  which  is  deliver- 
ing coal  along  the  line  at  low  rates.  Other  mines  have  been 
opened  at  the  Little  Missouri,  Glendive,  Miles  City,  and  other 
points  on  the  road,  affording  an  abundant  supply  of  coal  at 
reasonable  prices.  The  settler  west  of  the  Missouri,  can  mine 
his  coal  on  his  own  land.  The  extension  of  the  Jamestown 
branch,  to  the  Mouse  River  coal-fields  will  furnish  all  Eastern 
Dakota  with  cheap  and  good  coal.  Water  is  found  in  the  nu- 
merous streams,  or  can  be  had  by  boring  wells  to  a  depth  of 
from  twenty-five  to  one  hundred  feet. 

LANDS  MAY  BE  OBTAINED 

in  several  ways:  First,  under  the  "Homestead  Act,"  160  acres 
may  be  secured  by  settlement  and  improvement  for  five  years. 
Second,  under  the  "Soldier  Act,"  a  man  who  has  served  over 
ninety  days  in  the  army  or  navy,  can  secure  160  acres  by  set- 
tlement and  improvement  for  five  years,  "less  the  time  he 
served  in  the  army  or  navy,"  but  such  time  shall  not  be  reck- 
oned to  exceed  four  years.  Third,  under  the  "Pre-emption 
Act,"  160  acres  may  be  obtained  within  the  limits  of  any  rail- 
way grant,  at  $2.50,  or  outside  of  it  at  $1.25  per  acre,  upon 
condition  of  actual  residence,  and  cultivation.  Fourth,  under 
the  "Tree  Culture  Act,"  160  acres  maybe  secured  by  planting 
ten  acres  of  timber,  on  a  quarter  section,  and  keeping  it  in  a 
healthy,  growing  condition  for  eight  years.  The  Northern 
Pacific  Railway  Company  have  millions  of  acres  of  the  best 
farming  and  grazing  lands,  which  they  sell  upon  the  following 
terms:  "Agricultural  lauds  of  the  company,  east  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  in  Minnesota  and  Dakota,  are  sold  at  $4  per  acre, 
and  the  preferred  stock  of  the  company  will  be  received  at  par 
in  payment.  When  these  lands  are  purchased  on  time,  one- 
sixth  stock,  or  cash,  is  required  at  time  of  purchase;  and  the 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  127 

balance  in  five  equal  annual  payments,  in  stock  or  cash, 
with  interest  at  7  per  cent.  A  rebate  of  twenty-five  per  cent, 
of  the  price  is  made  on  land  broken  and  cultivated  within  two 
years  from  the  time  of  purchase.  The  price  of  agricultural 
lands,  west  of  the  Missouri  River,  is  $2.60,  cash,  to  actual 
settlers,  or,  if  purchased  on  time,  $3  per  acre,  one-sixth  cash, 
and  the  balance  in  five  equal  annual  cash  payments,  with  in- 
terest at  7  per  cent,  per  annum.  The  "Exemption  Laws"  of 
Dakota  allow  each  man  "$1,500  of  personal  property,  together 
with  his  homestead,  not  to  exceed  six  acres  of  land  in  a  town, 
or  a  farm  of  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres.  The  tools  and  im- 
plements of  a  mechanic  to  the  value  of  $200,  and  the  books 
and  instruments  of  professional  men  to  the  value  of  $600  are 
exempt  from  taxation." 

Dakota  had,  in  1880,  in  live  stock,  200,000  cattle,  50,000 
sheep,  and  75,000  hogs,  and  has  rapidly  increased  her  num- 
bers since.  Of  wild  game,  deer,  elk,  buffalo,  and  antelope 
can  be  found,  while  ducks,  geese,  prairie  chickens,  grouse,  and 
plover,  are  plentiful  in  different  localities. 

THE   TWO   GREAT   INTERESTS   OF    DAKOTA. 

however,  are  her  wheat  farms  and  her  mines.  The  first  are 
located  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  Territory,  and  the  last  in  the 
Black  Hills,  in  the  southwestern  part.  The  soil  of  Dakota  is 
a  rich  black  loam  from  two  to  six  feet  deep,  containing  all  the 
ingredients  necessary  for  the  growth  of  cereals,  vegetables,  etc. 
Beneath  this  vegetable  loam  is  a  subsoil  of  clay.  In  the  val- 
leys of  the  Red  and  James  rivers,  and  upon  the  rolling  prair- 
ies, are  some  of  the  finest  grain  farms  in  the  world.  The  Dal- 
rymple  farm  contains  75,000  acres.  This  is  divided  into  5,000- 
acre  lots,  with  a  superintendent  over  each.  Twenty  thousand 
acres  are  now  under  cultivation,  and  5,000  acres  are  added  each 
year.  The  wheat,  oats,  and  barley  are  sown  the  last  of  April 
and  first  of  May;  three  weeks  being  required  to  put  in  the 
crops.  The  two  last  named  cereals  are  only  raised  in  sufficient 


128  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

quantity  for  farm  use,  the  grain  grown  for  market  being  wheat. 
Of  this,  one  bushel  and  twenty  quarts  of  the  Scotch  Fife  vari- 
ety are  sown  to  the  acre,  and  the  yield  averages  from  twenty 
to  twenty-five  bushels  per  acre.  The  wheat  is  sown  by  ma- 
chines, and  it  requires  four  hundred  horses  to  put  in  the  crop. 
The  harvest  begins  about  August  1,  and  is  finished  in  twelve 
days.  One  hundred  and  fifteen  automatic  self-binding  har- 
vesters are  used.  The  wheat  is  not  stacked,  but  twenty-one 
threshers  are  set  to  work  upon  it,  each  of  which  turns  out  one 
thousand  bushels  per  day.  In  this  manner  fifty  car-loads,  of 
four  hundred  bushels  each,  are  shipped  daily.  To  accomplish 
this  requires  a  force  of  four  hundred  horses  and  five  hundred 
men.  During  the  harvesting  and  threshing  season  men  get  $2 
per  day  for  labor,  and  board;  during  the  remainder  of  the 
year  $30  a  month  and  board  are  paid,  and  the  force  is  cut  down 
to  a  few  men,  sufficient  to  look  after  the  stock. 

THE  COST  OF  RAISING  WHEAT. 

The  cost  of  raising  wheat  on  this  farm  is  estimated  at  35 
cents  per  bushel.  When  shipped,  the  freight  to  New  York  is 
28  cents  per  bushel,  ocean  freight  18  cents,  commission  2  cents, 
marine  insurance  2  cents,  contingencies  12  cents,  making  the 
total  cost  of  wheat  sold  off  the  coast  at  Cork  97  cents  per 
bushel  without  loss.  This  Scotch  Fife  wheat  is  considered  the 
best  known.  It  was  introduced  into  the  Eed  Eiver  Valley  of 
Dakota,  by  sturdy  Scotchmen,  as  early  as  1800,  and  has  been 
cultivated  continuously  by  their  descendants,  in  what  is  known 
as  the  "Selkirk  Settlements,"  ever  since.  This  wheat  is  both 
hard  and  heavy,  matures  in  80  days,  and  commands  the  highest 
price  in  the  market.  The  Cooper  Brothers  also  have  a  bonanza 
farm  of  50,000  acres.  This  is  located  in  Griggs  county,  in 
the  famous  Cheyenne  Valley;  as  yet  only  a  little  over  5,000 
acres  are  under  cultivation.  At  Minneapolis,  Minnesota,  from 
September  4th  to  9th,  1882,  the  great  Northwestern  Exposition 
was  held,  where  the  agricultural  products  of  Minnesota,  Da- 
kota, Montana,  Washington,  and  Oregon  were  exhibited  in 


130  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


but  none  for  export.  In  some  localities,  oak,  ash,  elm,  box- 
elder,  white  birch,  willow,  and  cotfconwood  are  found;  but 
none  of  these  can  be  counted  on  for  lumber.  As  yet  the  Black- 
Hills  are  without  railway  communication.  The  Chicago  & 
Northwestern  Railway  has  halted  at  Pierre,  on  the  Missouri 
River,  two  hundred  miles  away;  while  the  Chicago  and  Mil- 
waukee has  reached  Chamberlain,  on  the  same  river.  Imme- 
diately in  front  of  them  lies  the  Sioux  Reservation,  through 
which,  as  yet,  there  is  no  permission  to  pass.  The  Sioux  city 
&  Pacific  Railway  is  in  operation  from  Om;iha  to  Niobrara,  on 
a  river  of  the  same  name,  and  is  under  contract  to  Pine  Ridge 
Agency,  which  is  only  ninety  miles  from  the  Hills.  To  the 
north  two  hundred  miles  away  passes  the  Northern  Pacific; 
while  the  Union  Pacific  runs  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles 
south;  and  the  branch  from  Cheyenne  to  Fort  Laramie  is 
nearly  two  hundred  miles  distant  in  a  southwest  direction. 
Surrounded  by  railways,  the  Hills  are  yet  without  any.  There 
is  a  stage  road  from  Sidney,  on  the  line  of  the  Union  Pacific 
Railway,  one  hundred  miles  east  of  Cheyenne;  and  over  it 
nearly  all  the  supplies  for  the  Hills  are  transported,  and  the 
treasures  brought  out. 

THE   BLACK    HILLS 

are  the  principal  group  of  mountains  in  Dakota,  and  are  situ- 
ated between  the  north  and  south  forks  of  the  Cheyenne  River, 
south  of  the  46th  parallel  of  latitude.  They  extend  over  into 
Wyoming,  are  elliptical  in  shape,  being  elongated  from  north- 
west to  southeast,  one  hundred  miles;  with  an  average  width 
of  fifty  miles.  Their  highest  peaks  are  from  6,000  to  7,000 
feet  above  the  sea.  They  rise  from  the  plain  like  an  island, 
and  have  a  "Core  of  granite,  around  which  the  sedimentary 
formations  are  arranged  in  concentric  eclipses,  forming  long 
and  gracefully  curved  'hog-backs,'  between  which  are  beauti- 
ful valleys,  carpeted  with  luxuriant  grasses,  gay  with  flow- 
ers." These  Hills  were  long  known  to  the  Indians  of  the 
plains  to  be  rich  in  gold,  and  it  is  reported  that  a  party  of 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  131 


white  men  visited  them  as  early  as  1849.  General  Ouster 
made  an  expedition  there  in  1874;  while  upon  August  10,  1875, 
Ouster  City  was  laid  out  in  the  presence  of  one  thousand  men. 
In  the  same  fall  the  rich  gulches  of  Whitewood  and  Dead- 
wood  creeks  became  known,  which,  in  1876  and  1877  yielded 
$4,000,000  in  gold.  The  mineral,  for  the  most  part  in  the 
Black  Hills,  consist  of  low  grade  gold  ore,  which  will  average 
not  more  than  $5  to  $10  to  the  ton. 

In  the  Whitewood  district  are  the  following  gold  mines: 
Homestake,  Highland,  Golden  Gate,  Father  DeSmet,  Erin, 
Uncle  Sam,  Cheyenne,  -Gustin,  Durango,  Blacktail,  Wooley, 
and  Pecacho.  The  Homestake  produced  in  1882,  $1,114,568, 
and  consumed  1,350,000  feet  of  square  timber,  10x10  and 
12x12,  costing  $200,000,  besides  40,000  cords  of  wood.  The 
Father  DeSmet  produced  $391,269,  while  the  Deadwood  Terra 
yielded  $551,052.  "The  cost  of  mining  these  ores  has  been 
reduced  from  $1.98  to  89  cents  per  ton,  and  of  milling  from 
$1.59  to  64  cents  for  80-stamp  mills,  and  from  $1.22  to  45 
cents  in  120-stamp  mills.  The  average  yield  previous  to  June, 
1879,  was  $9.69  per  ton,  thence  to  February,  1880,  it  varied 
from  $4.25  to  $5.60,  and  now  averages  $7.95  per  ton."  In  the 
Bald  Mountain  district  are  the  following  mines,  producing 
both  gold  and  silver:  Tecumseh,  Humbolt  and  Oregon,  Bo- 
livia, Bluebird,  Beaver,  Lone  Star,  etc.  In  the  New  Carbon- 
ate camp  are  the  War  Eagle,  Hannibal,  Utica,  and  Hartshorn, 
which  produce  silver.  In  the  Galena  district  are  the  Sitting 
Bull,  Washington,  Red  Cloud,  Indian  Queen,  Surprise,  Ous- 
ter, etc.,  some  of  which  yield  silver  and  some  gold;  while  in 
the  Spruce  and  Two  Bit  gulches  are  the  Ophir,  Chipmunk, 
Diamond,  Neptune,  and  Noble  Grand,  all  producing  gold. 
The  Equator  mine,  in  the  Rochford  district,  produces  copper 
glance  and  carbonate  and  oxide  of  copper;  assaying  from  35 
to  65  per  cent.,  averaging  40  per  cent,  pure  metal.  These 
ores  are  said  to  be  free  from  arsenic,  antimony,  zinc,  or  other 
objectionable  substances.  The  bullion  product  of  the  Black 


132  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Hills,  from  1876  to  August  1,  1882,  amounted  to  $22,000,000, 
and  is  equal  at  present  to  nearly  $5,000,000  per  annum. 

COAL  DEPOSITS. 

Coal  of  good  quality  has  been  found  in  the  Black  Hills;  the 
veins  are  from  three  to  six  feet  thick,  and  3,500  acres  have 
been  taken  up  by  a  Philadelphia  company.  Thirty-five  mile8 
from  Deadwood  petroleum  has  also  been  discovered,  in  springs, 
and  is  used  for  lubricating  machinery  at  the  mines.  Fifteen 
or  twenty  salt  springs  have  been  found  forty-five  miles  south- 
west of  Deadwood.  The  percentage  of  saline  matter  is  not 
quite  equal  to  that  in  the  Springs  of  Saginaw,  Michigan,  but 
the  salt  is  purer  and  whiter,  and  enough  is  made  to  supply  the 
home  demand.  There  are  wonderful  mica  mines  in  Penning- 
ton  and  Caster  counties,  in  the  Black  Hills.  Great  dykes  of 
white  feldspar  have  been  forced  up  through  the  granite  for- 
mation, and  in  this  feldspar  are  the  veins  of  mica,  which  is 
blasted  out  in  blocks  six  inches  thick  by  eighteen  inches 
square.  This  mica  splits  into  thin  transparent  sheets,  which, 
for  size  of  plates,  clearness,  and  quantity,  is  not  surpassed  by 
any  Russian,  Scandinavian,  or  American  mines.  The  entire 
cost  of  preparing  it  for  market  does  not  exceed  60  cents  per 
pound,  while  mica  of  this  quality  brings  from  $6  to  $8  per 
pound.  The  production  of  these  mines  for  1882  amounted  to 
100,000  pounds.  The  valleys  in  the  foothills  and  along  the 
streams  furnish  some  good  agricultural  land,  where  by  means 
of  irrigation,  wheat  corn,  oats,  and  vegetables  are  raised  in 
sufficient  quantity  to  supply  the  home  market.  Four  flour- 
ing mills  are  located  here,  with  a  capacity  of  340  barrels  per 
day.  Wild  strawberries,  raspberries,  and  plums  grow  in  abun- 
dance. Deadwood,  Lead  City,  Rapid  City,  Custer  City,  Crook 
City,  Central,  Grayville,  and  Spearfish  are  all  active  and  enter- 
prising mining  centers,  and  have  churches,  schools,  banks,  and 
public  buildings;  and  despite  the  rough  element,  here,  as 
elsewhere,  there  are  many  intelligent,  worthy,  and  moral 
people. 


— (Sri 


MISCELLANEOUS  NOTES. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  135 


MISCELLANEOUS  NOTES, 


BOS  AMERICANUS,  AMERICAN  BISON. 


[Extract  from  Col.  Richard  I.  Dodge's  "Plains  of  the  Great  West,"  Published  in  1876.] 

The  general  appearance  of  this  animal  is  well  known  to  all. 
His  enormous  bulk,  shaggy  mane,  vicious  eye,  and  sullen  de- 
meanor give  him  an  appearance  of  ferocity  very  foreign  to  his 
true  natureA  Dangerous  as  he  looks,  he  is,  in  truth,  a  very 
mild,  innoffensive  beast,  timid  and  fearful,  and  rarely  attack- 
ing but  in  the  last  hopeless  effort  of  self-defense. 

When  travelling  unmolested  the  buffalo  is  extremely  careful 
of  his  choice  of  grades.  His  indisposition  to  travel  over  bad 
ground  is  by  no  means  to  be  taken  as  inability  to  do  so.  ^  When 
frightened,  he  will,  with  perfect  impunity,  climb  banks  or 
plunge  down  precipices,  where  it  would  be  impossible,  or  cer- 
tain death,  for  a  horse  to  follow.  He  is  rarely  seriously  injured 
by  tumbles  which  would  disable,  if  not  kill,  any  other  animal. 

In  crossing- streams  his  instinct  deserts  him.  He  plunges  in 
anywhere,  without  fear  or  care,  and  shows  less  sense  in  extri- 
cating himself,  from  the  difficulties  incident  to  such  action 
than  any  other  animal,  wild- or  tame. 

Late  in  the  summer  of  1867,  a  herd  of  probably  4,000  buffalo 
attempted  to  cross  the  South  Platte  near  Plumb  Creek.  The 
water  was  rapidly  subsiding,  being  nowhere  over  a  foot  or  two 
in  depth,  and  the  channels  in  the  bed  were  filled  or  filling  with 
loose  quicksands,  frhe  buffalo  in  front  were  soon  hopelessly 
stuck.  Those  immediately  behind,  urged  on  by  the  horns  and 
pressure  of  those  yet  further  iu  the  rear,  trampled  over  their 


136  Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains. 

struggling  companions,  to  be  themselves  engulfed  in  the  de- 
vouring sand.  This  was  continued  until  the  bed  of  the  river, 
nearly  half  a  mile  wide,  was  covered  with  dead  or  dying  buf- 
falo. It  is  estimated  that  considerable  over  half  the  herd  paid 
for  this  attempt  with  their  lives. 

The  habitual  separation  of  a  large  herd  into  numerous  smaller 
herds  seems  to  be  an  instinctive  act,  probably  for  more  perfect 
mutual  protection.  When  pursued  the  herds  rush  together 
in  a  compact  plunging  mass.  Buffalo  hunting  on  horseback 
is  full  of  excitement.  A  buffalo  can  run  only  about  two- 
thirds  as  fast  as  a  good  horse,  but  what  he  lacks  in  speed  he 
makes  up  in  endurance,  in  tenacity  of  purpose,  and  in  the  most 
extraordinary  vitality: 

A  herd  will  stand  staring  at  an  approaching  horseman  until 
he  is  within  about  300  yards.  It  will  then  mojTe  off  slowly, 
and  when  he  is  within  about  250  yards,  it  will  probably  break 
into  a  gallop.  This  is  the  sportsman's  moment.  If  a  herd  is 
not  overtaken  in  500  or  600  yards  the  chase  had  better  be 
abandoned. 

When  a  hunter  rushes  into  a  large  herd,  the  buffalo  on  each 
side  of  his  horse  push  from  him  laterally.  As  he  gets  further 
into  it  the  buffalo  passed  do  not  close  in  his  rear,  but  being 
now  able  to  see  him  more  clearly,  press  further  and  further 
away.  The  consequence  is  that  the  hunter  finds  himself  riding 
in  a  V,  the  point  of  which  is  only  a  little  in  advance  of  his 
horse's  head.  By  going  completely  through  the  herd,  it  is  not 
only  split,  but  the  leading  buffalo  on  each  side,  now  clearly 
seeing  the  position  of  the  foe,  immediately  diverge  from  him, 
and  consequently  from  each  other. 

The  herd  is  now  in  two  herds,  which  run  off  in  different 
directions.  Pursuing  one  of  these,  it  is  split  again  and  again, 
until  the  hunter  is  enabled  to  select  his  animal  from  the  dimin- 
ishing numbers.  All  this  requires  an  ^cellent  horse,  a  cool 
and  skilful  rider,  and,  what  is  difficult  to  find  on  the  plains, 
good  ground  and  plenty  of  it.  Among  steep  ravines  or  very 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  137 

broken  ground,  the  buffalo  can  travel  better  than  the  best 
horse. 

Forty  years  ago  the  buffalo  ranged  from  the  plains  of  Texas 
to  beyond  the  British  line;  from  the  Missouri  and  Upper  Mis- 
sissippi to  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

In  1872  some  enemy  of  the  buffalo  discovered  that  their 
hides  could  be  sold  in  the  market  for  a  goodly  sum.  By 
wagon,  on  horseback,  and  afoot,  the  pelt-hunters  poured  in, 
and  soon  the  unfortunate  buffalo  was  without  a  moment's 
peace  or  rest.  Though  hundreds  of  thousands  of  skins  were 
sent  to  market,  they  scarcely  indicated  the  slaughter.  From 
want  of  skill  in  shooting,  and  want  of  knowledge  in  preserv- 
ing the  hides  of  those  slain,  on  the  part  of  these  green  hunters, 
one  hide  sent  to  market  represented  three,  four,  or  even  five 
dead  buffalo.  The  hunter's  object  is  not  only  to  kill,  but  to 
avoid  frightening  the  living.  Keeping  the  wind,  peeping  over 
hills,  crawling  like  a  snake  along  the  bottom  of  a  ravine,  he 
may  approach  unsuspected  to~""within  thirty  or  forty  feet  of 
the  nearest.  The  game  is  so  near  .that  but  one  shot  is  neces- 
sary for  each  life.  Hiding  his  every  movement,  the  heavy  rifle 
is  brought  to  bear,  and  a  bullet  .js  sent  into  the  heart  of  the 
nearest  buffalo.  The  animal  plunges  forward,  walks  a  few 
steps,  and  stops,  with  blood  streaming  from  his  nostrils.  The 
other  buffalo,  startled  at  the  report,  rush  together,  but,  neither 
seeing  nor  smelling  danger,  stare  in  uneasy  wonder.  Attracted 
by  the  blood,  they  collect  about  the  wounded  buffalo.  Again 
and  again  the  rifle  cracks.  Buffalo  after  buffalo  bleeds,  totters 
and  falls.  The  survivors  stare  in  imbecile  amazement. 

I  have  myself  counted  112  carcasses  inside  of  a  semi-circle 
of  200  yards  radius,  all  of  which  were  killed  by  one  man  from 
the  same  spot,  and  in  less  than  three-quarters  of  an  hour.  The 
Buffalo  melted  away  like  snow  before  a  summer's  sun.  Con- 
gress talked  of  interfering,  but  only  talked.  Winter  and  sum- 
mer, in  season  and  out  of  season,  the  slaughter  went  on.  In 
1871-2,  there  was  apparently  no  limit  to  the  number  of 
buffalo. 

10 


138  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

As  the  game  became  scarcer,  more  attention  was  paid  to  all 
details,  and,  in  1874,  one  hundred  skins,  delivered  in  the 
market,  represented  125  dead  buffalo. 

To  avoid  overestimating,  I  have,  in  every  case,  taken  the 
lowest  figures,  and  the  result  is  as  follows: 

Killed  by  the  Indians  in  the  years  1872-73  and  74. 1,215,000 

"    Whites        "        "        "        "      "      3,158,730 


Total 4,373,730 

Making  the  enormous,  almost  incredible  number,  of  nearly 
four  and  a  half  millions  of  buffalo  killed  in  the  short  space  of 
three  years.  Nor  is  this  all.  No  account  has  been  taken  of 
the  immense  number  of  buffalo  killed  by  hunters  who  come 
into  the  range  from  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Texas,  and  the 
Indian  Territory;  of  the  numbers  killed  by  thelltes,  Bannocks 
and  other  mountain  tribes,  in  their  fall  hunt  on  the  plains. 

Nothing  has  been  said  of  the  numbers  sent  from  the  Indian 
Territory,  by  other  railroads  than  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe,  to  St.  Louis,  Memphis  and  elsewhere;  of  the  im- 
mense numbers  of  robes  which  go  to  California,  Montana, 
Idaho,  and  the  Great  West;  nor  of  the  still  greater  numbers 
taken  each  year  from  the  territory  of  the  United  States  by  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company. 

All  of  these  will  add  another  million  to  the  already  almost 
incredible  mortuary  list  of  the  nearly  extinct  buffalo. 


IN  twenty  years  the  yield  of  the  Comstock  Mines  has  been 
$365,000,000  worth  of  bullion.  The  length  of  shafts  and 
tunnels  is  250  miles.  Three  hundred  and  sixty  million  tons 
of-  waste  rock  have  been  hoisted,  and  1,750,000,000  tons  of 
water  pumped  to  the  .surface. 


Resources  of  the.  Rocky  Mountains.  139 


THE  INDIANS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[Extract  from  Col.  Richard  I.  Dodge's  "Plains  of  the  Great  West,"  Published  in  1876.] 

The  number  of  Indians,  of  all  descriptions,  at  present  in- 
habiting the  United  States,  is  estimated  at  about  300,000. 
Two  centuries  ago  they  numbered  upwards  of  two  millions. 
Everywhere,  and  amongst  all  tribes,  with  the  exception,  per- 
haps, of  the  Dakotahs  or  Sioux,  they  are  rapidly  decreasing  in 
numbers.  This  decrease  arises  from  various  cause;  amongst 
the  principal  of  which  may  be  mentioned  contagious  diseases, 
intemperance,  and  wars,  both  amongst  themselves  and  with 
the  whites.  The  steady  and  resistless  emigration  of  white  men 
into  the  Territories  of  the  West,  restricts  the  Indians,  yearly, 
to  still  narrower  limits,  and  destroying  the  game,  which,  in 
their  normal  state,  constituted  their  principal  means  of  subsis- 
tence, reduces  them  to  a  state  of  semi-starvation  and  despera- 
tion. The  records  of  every  tribe  tell  the  same  story  of  their 
gradual  decrease  and  probable  extinction. 

The  Indians  of  the  United  States  are  placed  under  the  man- 
agement of  the  Indian  Bureau,  a  branch  of  the  Interior  De- 
partment of  the  Government,  and  are  governed  by  means  of 
superintendents  and  agents  especially  appointed  for  the  pur- 
pose, the  department  being  divided  into  superintendences  and 
agencies. 

There  are  fourteen  superintendencies,  viz:  Washington,  Cal- 
ifornia, Arizona,  Oregon,  Utah,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  Colo- 
rado, Idaho,  Dakota,  Montana,  Northern,  Central,  and  South- 
ern; whilst  there  are  several  independent  agencies. 

In  California,  Washington  and  Oregon,  there  about  50,000 
Indians. 

Arizona  and  New  Mexico  contain  a  like  number,  consisting 
principally  of  Navajoes.  Apaches,  and  Pueblo  Indians. 


140  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Nevada,  Utah,  and  Colorado  contain  about  35,000,  consist- 
ing of  the  different  tribes  of  Utes,  Shostiones,  or  Snake  Indi- 
ans, and  Bannocks. 

Dakota,  Montana,  Wyoming  and  Idaho,  the  homes  of  the 
Dakota,  or  Sioux,  Blackfeet  and  Blood  Indians,  contain  about 
70,000  of  the  most  warlike  and  uncivilized  Indians  of  the 
Plains;  whilst  the  Indian  Territory,  which  is  situated  to  the 
west  of  the  State  of  Arkansas,  and  between  Texas  and  Kansas, 
contains  70,000,  consisting  principally  of  the  semi-civilized 
tribes,  including  the  Greeks,  Cherokees,  Choctaws,  CMckasaws, 
Osages,  Seminoles,  Winnebagoes,  Pawnees,  Pottawatomies, 
and  the  Sacs  and  Foxes. 

The  wild  Kiowas  and  Comanches,  and  the  Arrapahoes  and 
Cheyennes,  who,  with  some  of  the  bands  of  the  Dakotas,  in- 
habit the  country  lying  between  the  west  of  the  Indiana  Terri- 
tory and  the  eastern  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  number 
10,000. 

In  addition  to  the  tribes  previously  enumerated,  there  are 
also  the  Chippewas,  or  Ojiblewas,  numbering  some  20,000, 
who  roam  about  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior  and  the  banks  of 
the  Upper  Mississippi;  whilst  the  New  York  Indians,  consist- 
ing of  the  remnants  of  the  celebrated  Six  Nations,  together 
with  other  miscellaneous  wandering  tribes,  number  less  than 
10,000. 


[Extract  from  Leadville  Democrat.] 

Colorado  made  a  ten  strike  when,  in  adopting  her  Constitu- 
tion, she  exempted  mines  from  taxation.  It  has  helped  to 
make  this  State  a  favorite  of  Capital.  The  Treasury  is  in  a 
better  condition  than  it  would  have  been,  and  the  other  prop- 
erty, upon  which  the  tax  falls,  is  worth  more  than  it  would 
be  had  the  mines  been  hampered  with  wild  assessments  and 
ruinous  taxes.  The  truth  is  that  the  mines  really  pay  the 
taxes  anyway,  but  it  is  done  indirectly,  and  not  in  a  manner 
calculated  to  frighten  capital. 


Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains.  141 


UNDERGROUND  TREASURES. 


Professor  Orton,  in  his  "Underground  Treasures,"  says: 
Whether  an  ore  is  profitable,  depends  not  so  much  upon  the 
relative  value  of  the  metal,  as  upon  the  ease  of  sepamting  it 
from  the  rock,  or  gangue,  as  it  is  called.  Thus,  the  minimum 
per  centage  of  metal,  below  which  the  working  of  ore  ceases' to 
be  profitable,  is: 

Of  Iron 25  per  cent. 

"  Zinc 20 

"  Lead T20 

"  Antimony 20        " 

•'  Copper 2 

"  Tin li      " 

"  Quicksilver 1 

"  Platinum 1-2000  per  cent. 

"  Gold 1-100,000  per  ct. 

That  is,  an  ore  of  iron  which  contains  less  than  25  per  cent, 
of  metal  will  not  pay  for  working;  for  the  reduction  of  iron  in 
comparison  with  copper  ore  is  very  difficult.  Gold  is  very 
easily  extracted,  and  hence  some  quartz  rocks  which  do  not 
apparently  contain  a  particle  of  gold,  pay  well,  a  bushel  of  rock 
often  yielding  half  an  ounce. 

Iron  occurs  in  large  masses  or  beds;  but  the  other  metals  are 
scattered  in  fragments  through  sand  and  soil,  or  exist  in  veins 
running  through  rocks. 

SEARCHING   FOR   GOLD. 

In  the  United  States  the  paying  localities  of  gold  deposits 
are  the  slopes  of  the  Rocky  and  Alleghany  Mountains.  Gold 
need  not  be  looked  for  in  the  anthracite  and  bituminous  coal 
fields,  nor  in  limestone  rock.  It  is  seldom  found  in  the  beds 
of  rivers.  The  thing  itself  is  the  surest  indication  of  its  exist- 
ence. If  soil  or  sand  is  washed,  and  the  particles  of  gold  are 


142  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

not  heavy  enough  to  remain  at  the  bottom,  but  float  away,  the 
bed  will  not  pay. 

Along  streams  rather  high  up  among  the  mountains,  and  in 
the  gravelly  drift,  covering  the  slopes  of  the  valleys  below,  are 
the  best  prospects.  Where  the  stream  meets  an  obstacle  in  its 
path,  or  makes  a  bend,  or  has  deep  holes,  there  we  may  look 
for  pockets  of  gold.  Black  or  red  sands  are  usually  richest. 
Gold  bearing  rock  is  a  slate  or  granite  abounding  in  rusty  look- 
ing quartz  veins,  the  latter  containing  iron  pyrites,  or  cavities. 
Almost  all  iron  pyrites  and  silver  ores  may  bo  worked  for  gold. 
When  the  quartz  veins  are  thin  and  numerous  rather  than 
massive,  and  lie  near  the  surface,  they  are  considered  most 
profitable.  Few  veins  can  be  worked  with  profit  very  far 
down.  As  traces  of  gold  may  be  found  almost  everywhere, 
no  one  should  indulge  in  speculation  before  calculating  the 
percentage  and  the  cost  of  extraction. 

The  substances  most  frequently  mistaken  for  gold  are  iron 
pyrites,  copper  pyrites,  and  mica.  The  precious  metal  is  easily 
distinguished  from  these,  by  its  malleability — flattening  under 
the  hammer — and  its  great  weight,  sinking  rapidly  in  water. 

SEARCHING   FOR   SILVER. 

This  metal  is  usually  found  with  lead  ore  and  native  copper. 
Slates,  and  sandstones  intersected  by  igneous  rocks,  as  trap 
and  porphyry  are  good  localities.  Pure  silver  is  often  found 
in  or  near  iron  ores,  and  the  dark  brown  zinc  blende.  The 
Colorado  silver  lodes  are  porous  at  the  surface,  and  colored 
more  or  less  red  or  green.  Any  rock  suspected  of  containing 
silver  should  be  powdered,  and  dissolved  in  nitric  acid.  Pour 
off  the  liquid,  and  add  to  it  a  solution  of  salt.  If  a  white 
powder  falls  to  the  bottom,  which,  upon  exposure,  turns  black, 
there  is  silver  in  it.  Silver  mines  increase  in  value  as  in  depth, 
whereas  gold  diminishes  as  we  descend. 


Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains.  143 

SEARCHING    FOR   COPPER. 

The  copper  ores,  after  exposure,  or  after  being  dipped  in 
vinegar,  are  almost  invariably  green  on  the  surface.  They  are 
most  abundent  near  trap  dykes.  The  pyrites  is  generally 
found  in  lead  mines,  and  in  granite  and  clay-slate.  Copper 
very  rarely  occurs  in  the  new  formations,  as  along  the  Atlantic 
and  Gulf  borders,  and  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  south  of 
Cairo. 

SEARCHING    FOR   LEAD. 

Lead  is  seldom  discovered  in  the  surface  soil.  It  is  also  in  vain 
to  look  for  it  in  the  coal  region  and  along  the  coast.  It  must 
be  sought  in  steep  hills,  in  limestone  and  slate  rucks.  A  sur- 
face cut  by  frequent  ravines,  or  covered  by  vegetation  in  lines, 
indicates  mineral  crevices.  The  galena  from  the  slate  is  said 
to  contain  more  silver  than  that  from  the  limestone.  The 
purest  specimens  of  galena  are  poorest  in  silver;  the  small 
veins  are  richest  in  the  more  precious  metal.  A  lead  vein  is 
thickest  in  limestone  and  thinest  in  slate. 

SEARCHING    FOR    IRON. 

Any  heavy  mineral,  of  a  black,  brown,  red,  or  yellow  color 
may  be  suspected  to  be  iron.  To  prove  it,  dissolve  some  in  oil 
of  vitriol,  and  pour  in  an  infusion  of  nut-gall  or  oak  bark;  if 
it  turns  black  iron  is  present.  If  a  ton  of  rich  magnetic  ore 
costs  more  than  $4  at  the  furnace;  good  hernetite  more  than 
$3,  and  poor  ores  more  than  $1.50  or  $2.00,  they  are  too  expen- 
sive to  pay,  unless  iron  is  unusually  high.  Deep  mining  for 
iron  is  not  profitable.  Generally  speaking,  a  bed  of  good  iron 
ore,  a  foot  thick,  will  repay  the  cost  of  stripping  it  of  soil,  etc., 
twelve  feet  thick.  Red  and  yellow  earths,  called  ochres,  con- 
tain iron.  Magnetic  ore  is  easily  found  by  a  compass. 


144  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


BELIEF   OF  THE   CONTINENTS. 


[Extract  from  Professor  Guyot's  "  Earth  and  Man."] 

The  examination  of  the  general  reliefs  of  the  great  masses  of 
dry  land  on  the  surface  of  the  globe,  leads  us,  in  fact  to  a 
recognition  of  certain  great  analogies,  certain  laws  of  relief, 
which  apply,  whether  to  certain  groups  of  continents,  or  to  all 
the  continents  taken  together,  or  to  the  whole  earth. 

All  the  continents  rise  gradually  from  the  shores  of  the  seas 
towards  the  interior,  to  a  line  of  highest  elevation  of  the 
masses,  and  of  the  peaks  surmounting  them  to  a  maximum 
of  swell. 

In  all  of  the  continents,  the  line  of  greatest  elevation  in  the 
summit  of  ascent  is  placed  out  of  the  centre,  on  one  of  the 
sides,  at  an  unequal  distance  from  the  shores  of  the  seas.  From 
this  fact  result  two  slopes,  unequal  in  length  and  inclination. 
This  is  analogous  to  what,  in.  mountains,  is  called  the  slope 
and  the  counter  slope. 

SLOPES   OF   THE   CONTINENTS. 

LENGTH  IN   MILES. 

Northern  Slope.     Southern  Slope. 

Eastern  Asia 2,600  400 

Western  Asia 900  100 

Asia  Minor 300  50 

Central  Europe 450  100 

Africa 3,300  600 

Eastern  Slope.       Western  Slope. 

North  America 2,200  800 

Central  America 2,000  300 

South  America 1,850  70 

South  America 1,600  200 

In  the  Old  World  the  long  slopes  are  turned  towards  the 
north,  and  the  short  slopes  towards  the  south.  In  the  New 
World,  the  gentle  slopes  descend  towards  the  east  and  the  short 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  145 


and  rapid  slopes  towards  the  west.  Thus,  in  this  respect,  each 
of  the  two  worlds  has  a  law  peculiar  to  itself. 

The  Old  World,  as  we  have  learned  from  the  study  of  its 
reliefs,  is  that  of  table  lands  and  mountains.  No  continent 
exhibits  plateaus  so  elevated,  so  numerous,  so  extensive,  as 
Asia  and  Africa.  Instead  of  one  or  two  chains  of  mountains 
like  the  Andes,  Central  Asia  is  traversed  by  four  immense 
chains,  supporting  vast  table  lands  of  from  5,000  to  14,000 
feet  in  elevation,  and  the  loftiest  mountains  on  the  globe. 

The  extent  of  this  elevated  region  is  more  that  2,400  miles 
long,  by  1,500  miles  broad.  The  principal  mass  of  Western 
Asia  is  nothing  but  a  plateau,  from  3,000  to  6,000  feet  in 
height.  Africa,  south  of  the  Sahara,  seems  to  be  only  an  en- 
ormous pile  of  uplifted  lands.  It  has  been  calculated  that  the 
mountains  and  plateaus  of  Asia  cover  five-sevenths  of  its  sur- 
face, while  the  plains  occupy  only  two-sevenths. 

In  Africa,  the  high  regions  form  two-thirds  of  the  continent, 
the  plains  only  one-third. 

If  I  cairthe  Old  World  the  world  of  plateaus,  it  is  not  be- 
cause great  plains  are  wanting  there.  The  whole  north  of 
Europe  and  of  Asia  is  merely  a  boundless  plain,  and  from  the 
shores  of  Holland,  through  Germany,  Russia,  the  Steppes  of 
of  the  Caspian  and  Siberia,  the  traveler  may  cross  the  Ancient 
World  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean,  for  a  distance 
of  more  than  six  thousand  miles  without  encountering  an  em- 
inence of  more  than  a  few  hundred  feet  in  height.  In  Africa, 
also,  the  plains  of  Sahara  extend  2,500  miles  in  length,  by 
1,000  in  breadth.  But  the  situation  of  these  plains  of  the 
Old  World,  under  the  frozen  sky  of  the  north,  and  under  the 
fires  of  the  tropics,  together  with  the  nature  of  their  soil,  takes 
from  them  all  their  importance.  The  one  is  a  frozen  waste,  a 
Siberia;  the  other  a  burning  desert;  and  neither  the  one  nor 
the  other  is  called  to  play  an  essential  part,  nor  do  they  im- 
press upon  their  respective  continents  essential  character. 


146  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  New  World,  on  the  other  hand,  is  the  world  of  plains.. 
They  form  two-thirds  of  its  surface;  the  plateaus  and  the 
mountains  only  one-third.  The  high  lands  form  only  a  nar- 
row band,  crowded  upon  the  western  coast  of  the  two  conti- 
nents. Almost  the  whole  east  runs  into  immense  plains 
covering  it,  one  might  say,  from  pole  to  pole.  From  the 
Frozen  Ocean  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  over  an  extent  of  nearly 
2,400  miles,  we  cross  only  insignificant  heights.  From  the 
llanos  of  the  Orinoco  to  the  banks  of  the  La  Plata,  we  trav- 
erse more  than  3,000  miles  of  low  plains,  slightly  interrupted 
by  the  somewhat  more  elevated  regions  of  Western  Brazil, 
they  are  prolonged  even  to  the  Pampas  of  Patagonia,  600 
miles  further  south,  to  the  southern  extremity  of  America. 

The  length  of  the  rich  plains  watered  by  the  Amazon,  in 
the  direction  of  the  current,  is  nearly  1,600  miles,  and  what 
are  the  plains  of  the  Amazon  and  the  Mississippi,  compared 
with  those  of  Siberia  and  Sahara?  A  happy  climate,  a  rich  and 
fertile  soil,  a  wonderful  vegetation,  prodigious  resources  they 
have  all  that  makes  the  prosperity  of  a  country;  who  does  not 
see  that  here  is  the  character  of  America;  here  lies  the  future 
New  World? 


ELEVATIONS  OF  THE  CONTINENTAL  LANDS, 

Baron  Humbolt,  by  his  researches,  established  as  the  most 
probable  result,  the  following  numbers,  as  the  mean  elevation 
above  the  ocean,  for  the  -different  continents: 

Europe 671  feet. 

Asia.... 1151    " 

North  America  748 

South  America 1132     " 

Or,  places  the  mean  elevation  of  the  entire  land  of  the  globe 
at  1008  feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  147 


GROWTH  OF  THE  NATION. 


[Extract  from  the  address  of  Hon.  W.  D.  Kelley,  at  a  Birthday  Banquet,  given  in  his  honor, 
at  the  Union  League  Club,  Philadelphia,  April  12th,  1883.] 

A    GLANCE    AT  THE    PAST. 

Let  me  hastily  refer  to  a  few  unquestioned  facts  to  show 
how  great  our  progress  should  have  been,  and  how  small  it 
was  during  the  census  decade  of  1850-1860.  Under  wise  rev- 
enue laws  this  decade  would  have  been  characterized  by  phe- 
nominal  national  growth,  and  such  unparalleled  prosperity  as, 
banishing  discontent,  would  have  rendered  civil  war  impossible. 
In  1849  the  gold  fields  of  California  were  discovered.  During 
each  year  of  the  decade  to  which  I  refer  they  yielded  more  than 
$100,000,000.  Had  we  been  a  manufacturing  nation  this 
enorrnous  addition  to  the  money  metals  would  have  remained 
with  us,  and  by  vivifying  and  expanding  all  our  industries 
would  have  given  steady  work,  increasing  wages,  and  unexam- 
pled prosperity  to  the  whole  people.  We  were,  however,  not 
manufacturers,  but  were  little  more  than  producers  of  raw 
material  for  export,  and  the  gold  which  should  have  enriched 
us  went  abroad  to  purchase  consumable  commodities  which  we 
could  have  produced,  and  the  materials  of  which  lay  in  rich 
profusion  around  us.  Thus  swelling  our  exports,  it  augmented 
our  foreign  commerce,  but  did  it  at  the  cost  of  all  other  inter- 
ests. Though  we  had,  since  1849,  mined  $1,100,000,000  of 
gold,  1860  found  us  steeped  in  bankruptcy  and  dependent  for 
a  medium  of  exchange  upon  the  irredeemable  notes  of  insolvent 
banks.  Cheap  foreign  imports  had  closed  our  furnaces,  forges 
and  factories,  and  thus  destroyed  the  farmer's  home  market 
for  his  productions;  labor  was  without  employment,  enterprise 
without  capital,  and  the  Government  without  revenue  or 
credit. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  National  administration  had,  in 
default  of  the  receipt  of  adequate  revenue,  been  compelled  to 


148  Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains. 

apply  for  a  loan  with  which  to  meet  the  current  expenses, 
Southern  enthusiasts  might  well  believe  that  a  "cambric  hand- 
kerchief" would  suffice  "to  staunch  the  wounds"  incident  to 
the  war  that  could  be  made  in  defence  of  the  Union  by  a  gov- 
ernment so  destitute  of  all  the  means  of  warfare.  Such  was 
the  condition  of  the  country  when,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1861, 
Congress  convened,  in  obedience  to  the  proclamation  of  Pres- 
ident Lincoln,  "for  the  purpose  of  taking  such  measures  as  the 
'public  interest  and  safety  might  demand."  In  its  judgment 
the  safety  and  interest  of  the  country  demanded  the  sending 
into  the  so-called  Confederate  States  of  adequate  armies  for 
their  conquest.  It  approved  the  President's  call  for  75,000 
troops,  and  made  provision  for  an  indefinite  increase  of  the 
number,  including  artillery  and  cavalry.  It  reorganized  and 
enlarged  the  naval  establishment  and  recognizing  our  mer- 
chant marine  as  the  militia  of  the  sea,  appealed  to  it  for  vol- 
unteer officers  and  men  for  temporary  service  during  the  war. 
It  built,  bought  and  chartered  ships,  and  established  a  block- 
ade of  our  long  Southern  coast,  so  effective  that  no  govern- 
ment dared  dispute  its  validity  or  attempt  to  break  its  lines. 

GROWTH  OF  AMERICAN  MANUFACTURE. 

Having  by  the  requisitions  it  made  for  the  supply  and  main- 
tenance of  the  army  and  navy  provided  work  for  the  idle 
people,  it  coined  the  public  credit  into  legal  tender  and  thus 
furnished  the  government  with  ample  means  of  paying  the 
enormous  expenditures  it  had  ordered.  The  retirement  of 
Southern  members  and  Senators  left  Congress  in  the  control 
of  those  who  knew  the  talismanic  power  of  labor  to  produce 
wealth,  and  believed  in  the  constitutionality  and  propriety  of 
protective  duties.  To  increase  the  revenues  of  the  government 
and  to  quicken  the  enterprise  and  industry  of  the  people,  it 
imposed  on  foreign  imports  unprecedented  rates  of  duty,  and 
thus  stimulated  the  manufacture  of  every  fabric  and  ware  that 
might  be  produced  in  a  non-tropical  country.  Suddenly  mines 
were  opened,  factories  erected  and  the  tide  of  immigration, 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  149 

which  had  shrunk  'to  less  than  one  hundred  thousand  per 
annum,  revived,  and  people  skilled  in  every  branch  of  indus- 
trial art  poured  into  the  country.  Railroads,  weaving  together 
remote  sections  of  the  country,  were  planned  and  constructed 
as  if  by  magic.  We  ceased  to  be  exclusively  producers  of  raw 
material  for  export,  and  entered  into  competition  with  the 
manufacturing  countries  of  the  world  for  the  American 
market. 

Of  the  measure  of  success  that  has  attended  this  change  of 
policy  the  world  has  taken  note.  It  is  part  of  universal  history 
that  the  United  States,  under  the  system  of  cosmopolitan  free- 
dom of  trade,  taught  by  English  economists  and  their  Ameri- 
can disciples,  had  been  able  to  make  littie  more  than  nominal 
progress  in  wealth  and  diversified  industries;  and  that  in 
twenty  years  of  life  under  the  protective  system,  more  than 
four  of  which  were  passed  in  terrible  warfare,  they  had  assumed 
indisputable  possession  of  the  position  of  the  first  industrial 
and  commercial  nation  of  the  world.  It  has  with  truth  been 
said  that  had  the  war  bestowed  no  other  blessing  than  the  abo- 
lition of  slavery,  it  would  have  been  worth  all  the  life  and 
treasure  it  cost;  and  I  affirm  that  if  it  had  but  illustrated  the 
wisdom  of  each  nation  securing  to  its  own  people  the  right  to 
employ  their  time  profitably  in  supylying  their  own  wants,  by 
the  conversion  of  the  raw  materials  found  within  the  limits  of 
their  own  country,  it  would  have  been  worth  all  the  life  and 
treasure  it  cost. 

STEADY    INCREASE   OF   PRODUCTION. 

Between  1850  and  1860,  notwithstanding  our  unparalleled 
production  of  gold  and  the  consequent  increase  of  immigra- 
tion, our  development  of  manufacturing  power  was  scarcely 
appreciable.  When,  in  1861,  Congress  advanced  the  rates  of 
duty  upon  manufactured  articles,  we  had  not  in  any  year  pro- 
duced 1,000,000  tons  of  pig  iron.  Since  then  our  increase  has 
been  steady,  and  last  year  our  production  was  nearly  five  mil- 
lion tons.  In  1860  the  manufacture  of  steel  in  commercial 


150  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

competition  with  England  was  an  experiment  of  doubtful 
issue.  Now  we  produce  one-third  of  the  steel  of  the  world, 
and  export  much  of  our  product  in  the  highest  forms  of 
varied  manufacture,  including  saws  and  surgical  instruments. 

The  truest  test  of  a  nation's  civilization  is  said  to  be  the 
average  consumption  per  capita  by  its  people  of  iron.  Let  us 
apply  this  test  to  the  civilization  of  the  American  people  under 
free  trade  and  protection.  Between  1850  and  1860  the  pro- 
duction of  pig  iron,  forged  and  rolled  iron  and  steel  was  prac- 
tically stationary,  and  in  1860  employed  but  39,000  hands. 
After  twenty  years  of  protective  duties  they  gave  living  wages 
to  more  than  one  hundred  and  forty  thousand  hands.  The 
capital  invested  in  these  branches  of  manufacture  in  1860  was 
less  than  $50,000,000,  but  twenty  years  of  protective  duties 
served  to  expand  it  to  $230,000,000.  The  wages  they  paid  in 
1860  were  but  $12,000,000,  as  against  $55,000,000  in  1880.  The 
materials  they  consumed  in  1860  were  valued  at  $34,000,000, 
and  in  1880  at  more  than  $190,000,000.  At  no  time  prior  to 
the  war  had  our  annual  production  of  these  essential  commod- 
ities reached  the  value  of  $60,000,000;  but  having  emanci- 
pated ourselves  from  England's  free  trade  dogmas  twenty 
years  have  sufficed  to  expand  these  less  than  $60,000,000  into 
more  than  $296,000,000. 

But  some  of  you  may  ask  whether  these  figures  are  not  ex- 
ceptional, and  whether  the  iron  interest  has  not  been  specially 
favored.  No,  my  friends,  tnese  figures  are  not  exceptional; 
the  iron  interest  has  not  been  favored  beyond  all  others.  The 
results  I  have  indicated  are  paralleled  by  those  of  every  other 
branch  of  business  and  exceeded  by  those  of  many  other  depart- 
ments of  industry. 

IMPORTANT   INDUSTRIES. 

The  chemical  industry  as  found  by  the  takers  of  the  last 
census  did  not  exist  in  1860.  With  the  wonderful  progress  of 
analytical  science  chemistry  is  the  recognized  handmaid  of 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  151 


every  productive  pursuit.  Its  progress  may  therefore  be  ac- 
cepted as  an  indication  of  general  growth  and  prosperity. 
Making  no  figure  in  any  previous  census,  it  appears  in  that  of 
1880  as  employing  more  than  $85,000,000  or  capital,  paying 
$12,000,000  of  wages  and  consuming  nearly  $80,000,000  of 
material. 

Like  unto  the  statement  is  that  of  carriage  building.  We 
could  not,  in  1860,  make  a  thoroughly  American  pleasure  car- 
riage; we  must  import  the  springs  and  other  steel  work,  and 
most  of  the  textile  trimmings;  but  as  we  now  make  as  good 
steel  as  we  import,  and  produce  our  own  silks,  fringes  and 
tassels,  we  build  our  own  carriages.  Yes,  after  twenty  years 
of  highly  protective  duties,  we  build  in  the  single  State  of 
Ohio  more  pleasure  carriages  annually  than  are  produced  in 
Great  Britain  and  France  combined,  and  the  returns  of  the 
census  show  the  existence  in  1880  of  more  than  43,000  estab- 
lishments for  the  manufacture  of  carriages  and  smithing, 
which  employed  in  that  year  105,000  hands,  to  whom  were 
paid  as  wages  more  than  $38,000,000. 

Anomalous  as  it  may  seem  it  is  nevertheless  true  that  the 
work  of  railroad  construction  strikingly  illustrates  the  value 
to  the  American  people  of  the  maintenance  of  adequate  pro- 
tective duties.  In  1860  we  had  built  less  than  30,000  miles, 
in  1880  we  worked  about  95,000  miles,  and  are  now  working 
120,000  miles,  or  more  miles  than  are  owned  by  the  whole  of 
Europe.  In  this  connection  there  is  one  truth  that  American 
legislators  should  never  forget.  It  is  the  supreme  value  of  a 
home  market.  Though  England's  foreign  trade  greatly  ex- 
ceeds ours,  our  domestic  commerce  exceeds  her  foreign  and 
home  trade  combined.  Speaking  on  this  point  Mr.  Alexander 
McEwen,  in  an  open  letter  to  the  Earl  of  Beaconsfield  in  1879, 
said:— "The  United  States  have  grown  from  20,000,000  of 
population  in  1845  to  50,000,000  at  the  present  day,  their  ex- 
ports from  £20,000,000  to  £155,000,000  per  annum.  Their 
home  trade,  carefully  protected,  estimated  now  at  more  than 
£1,000,000,000,  exceeds  our  whole  home  and  foreign  trade 


152  Resources  o/  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

put  together.  As  far  as  their  relations  to  us  are  concerned 
they  are  sending  us  this  year  £100,000,000  of  commodities 
and  taking  from  us  about  £20,000,000." 

OUR   POSITION   TOWARD   ENGLAND. 

Great  Britain  is  unquestionably  the  commercial  mistress  of 
the  seas;  nor  need  we  envy  her  foreign  carrying  trade,  while 
we  remain  masters  of  the  granary  and  the  greatest  workshop 
of  the  world.  We  export  less  than  ten  per  cent,  of  our  cereal 
productions.  Our  mining  and  manufacturing  population  fur- 
nish a  home  market  for  ninety  per  cent.  Small,  however,  as 
is  the  percentage  of  our  export,  it  has  sufficed  to  destroy  the 
agricultural  value  of  the  farms  of  the  British  Islands.  France, 
as  a  producer  of  wheat,  is  next  to  the  United  States,  having 
produced,  in  1880,  230,000,000  bushels  aga'nst  our  450,000,000 
bushels.  Our  production  of  grain  in  that  year  represented 
$2,698,000,000,  and  exceeded  that  of  Eussia,  in  value,  by  more 
than  $1,100,000,000;  and  the  total  value  of  our  manufactures, 
in  1880,  was  found  to  have  been  $5,369,519,191.  Until  we 
accepted  the  protective  principle,  and  established  it  in  1861, 
England  was  confessedly  the  world's  workshop.  The  annual 
income  of  Great  Britain,  as  shown  by  her  census  of  1880,  was 
$5,780,000,000;  the  annual  income  of  the  United  States,  in 
the  same  year,  was  $7,030,000,000;  and  so  able  to  bear  taxa- 
tion have  the  protected  people  of  the  United  States  been,  that, 
though  at  the  close  of  our  war  our  debt  was  comparable  to 
that  of  Great  Britain  or  France,  our  too  rapidly  diminishing 
interest-bearing  debt  to-day  is  less  than  that  of  Turkey,  about 
one-half  that  of  Spain  or  Italy,  and  scarcely  one-third  that  of 
France  or  Great  Britain.  The  figures  I  have  presented, 
though  taken  almost  at  random,  show  how  our  industries 
have  prospered  and  been  diversified,  how  our  wealth  has  in- 
creased, and  how  the  social  life  of  our  own  people  has  im- 
proved under  "  the  coddling  care  of  old  Dame  Protection," 
whom  you  honor  to-night  in  the  person  of  one  of  her  most 
devoted  adherents. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  153 


THE  GREAT  MINING  EXPOSITION  AT  DENVER. 


"The  Programme  for  the  Second  Annual  Exhibition  of  the  National  Mining  and  Industrial 
Exposition  at  Denver.  Will  open  July  17th,  and  close  September  30th,  1883.  Opening 
address  Tuesday,  July  17th,  1883,  will  be  delivered  by  Hon.  Warner  Miller,  United 
States  Senator,  New  York." 

These  are  the  words  of  the  title  page  of  the  pamphlet  just 
issued  by  the  Exposition  Company. 

The  officers  for  the  present  year  are,  H.  A.  W.  Tabor,  Pres- 
ident; Joseph  T.  Cornforth,  Treasurer;  Thomas  M.  Nichol, 
Secretary;  Frank  H.  Wilson,  Assistant  Secretary,,  and  W.  A. 
H.  Loveland,  General  Manager.  The  following  is  the  main 
portion  of  their  address: 

"The  unparalleled  success  of  the  first  Exposition  of  this  Asso- 
ciation, held  in  Denver,  and  the  bright  prospects  for  the  pres- 
ent year,  will  certainly  attract  a  larger  number  of  exhibitors 
and  visitors  than  during  the  season  of  1882.  The  Board  of 
Directors  have  perfected  arrangements  with  nearly  all  lines  of 
Railroad  and  Express  Companies,  and  favorable  inducements 
are  offered  in  reduced  freight  and  passenger  rates. 

By  reference  to  the  list  of  Honorary  Vice  Presidents,  it  will 
be  observed  that  every  State  and  Territory  in  the  Union  has 
recognized  the  importance  of  our  enterprise,  and  letters  of 
encouragement  and  promises  of  representation  have  been  re- 
ceived in  nearly  every  instance  from  the  gentlemen  named. 
The  Governments  of  the  Republic  of  Mexico  and  Dominion  of 
Canada  have  also  been  invited  to  name  representatives,  and 
it  is  almost  a  certainty  that  these  governments  will  be  rep- 
resented. 

The  great  object  of  the  Denver  Exposition  is  to  establish  a 
mineral  museum  containing  specimens  from  every  mine  and 
mining  camp  in  the  contiguous  States  and  Territories. 

11 


154  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

The  opportunity  afforded  inventors  of  mining  appliances 
and  manufacturers  of  improved  mining  machinery,  to  come 
in  direct  contact  with  practical  workers  of  mines  in  the  great 
mineral  belt,  cannot  be  excelled,  as  every  mineral-producing 
State  and  Territory  will  be  represented. 

The  Exposition  of  1883  will  present  the  most  favorable 
opening  during  this  generation  for  demonstrating  to  capital- 
ists the  advantages  for  the  investment  of  money  in  both  the 
developed  and  undeveloped  country  of  the  Rocky  Mountain 
region.  The  eighty  thousand  Eastern  visitors  of  last  year  will 
have  large  accessions  to  their  ranks  in  the  persons  of  many 
who,  after  listening  to  a  description  of  the  wonderful  develop- 
ment of  our  country,  and  the  richness  and  magnificence  of  the 
display  made  in  every  department  at  our  First  Exhibition, 
will  throng  to  witness  the  grandeur  that  we  are  promised  in 
in  the  display  of  1883.  The  friends  of  the  Exposition  will 
attend  in  increased  force;  and  the  members  and  friends  attend- 
ing the  Re-union  of  the  Encampment  of  the  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic  of  the  United  States,  which  occurs  on  the  24th 
of  July;  the  Convocation  of  the  General  Grand  Chapter  of 
Royal  Arch  Masons,  following  on  the  14th  of  August,  and  the 
attendant  Sir  Knights  of  the  Grand  Encampment  of  Knights 
Templar,  on  their  way  to  and  from  their  meeting,  which  takes 
place  in  San  Francisco,  on  the  21st  of  August,  will  call  to- 
gether the  wealth  and  intelligence  of  every  portion  of  our 
countrv,  and  their  attention  will  be  centered  on  the  Denver 
Exposition. 

Mr.  Clinton  Rice,  of  El  Paso,  Texas,  a  gentleman  distin- 
guished as  a  stuent  and  writer,  and  having  many  years  experi- 
ence as  a  mining  solicitor  and  broker,  having  tendered  his 
services  to  the  management,  has  been  appointed  General  Agent 
of  the  Exposition,  and  will  spend  three  months  in  Europe  or- 
ganizing exhibits. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  155 

The  illustration  will  serve  to  convey  an  idea  of  the 

MAIN  BUILDING, 

which  is  a  substantial,  permanent  structure,  of  brick,  of  a 
cruciform  shape,  500  feet  in  length,  north  and  south,  by  310 
feet  6  inches  in  width,  ease  and  west.  The  north  and  south 
naves  are  each  192  feet  long  by  111  in  width,  and  the  tran- 
septs, east  and  west,  each  112  feet  long  by  111  feet  in  width. 
The  rotunda  is  70  by  70  feet.  From  the  dome  a  grand  view 
may  be  had  of  the  Rockies,  stretching  away  and  visible  for 
nearly  300  miles.  In  addition  to  the  view  from  the  dome  there 
are  eight  observatories,  70  feet  from  the  ground,  surmounting 
the  eight  towers,  flanking  the  entrances  to  the  Exposition. 
The  floor  space  of  the  main  building,  with  its  towers  an  an- 
gles, contains  nearly  100,000  square  feet  of  space,  while  the 
galleries  contain  nearly  50,000  square  feet  more." 

The  building  cost  over  two  hundred  thousand  dollars ;  was 
visited,  in  1882,  by  more  than  two  hundred  thousand  people. 
The  mineral  exhibit  amounted  to  600  tons  of  the  finest  mineral 
ever  brought  together,  but,  grand  as  the  display  was,  it  will 
doubtless  be  excelled  by  that  of  1883. 


BANKS  AND  PAPKB  MONEY. 


[Extract  from  The  Mines,  Miner's  and  Mining  Interests  of  the  United  States.] 

The  Chinese  invented  bank-notes  in  the  ninth  century,  and 
called  them  "flying  money,"  but  the  currency  became  so  in- 
flated that  two  centuries  later  a  £20  note  would  only  purchase 
a  pound  of  rice.  When  Sir  John  Mandeville  visited  China  in 
the  fourteenth  century,  the  Emperor  issued  leather  money— 
"which  his  majesty  spends  outrageously" — and  some  years 
later  the  currency  was  transferred  to  a  joint-stock  bank  of 
Chinese  merchants,  who  ultimately  failed,  and  paid  only  two 
shillings  on  the  pound. 


156  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

In  Europe  the  first  bank  was  founded  by  two  Jews  at 
Venice,  in  the  thirteenth  century,  but  no  regular  bank  of 
emission  seems  to  have  been  established  till  that  of  Mr.  Palm- 
struck,  in  Sweden,  a  few  years  before  Patterson  founded  the 
Bank  of  England. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century,  paper  money 
was  in  bad  repute,  because  people  remembered  in  Paris  when 
a  pair  of  boots  cost  £350  in  the  currency  of  the  French  Repub- 
lic. Russian  paper  money  dates  from  the  time  of  Catherine 
II.  In  the  United  States  paper  money  was  first  used  by  Gen. 
Washington  to  pay  his  troops.  The  United  States  have  the 
next  largest  issue  after  Russia,  one- half  emitted  by  the  Gov- 
ernment, the  other  half  by  the  banks.  In  France  the  mo- 
nopoly of  emission  is  held  by  the  Bank  of  France.  Austrian 
currency  consists  partly  of  Government  notes,  and  partly  of  the 
issue  of  the  Imperial  Bank.  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies 
stand  for  one-third  of  the  banking  power  of  the  world. 


TEMPERATURE  ABOVE  THE  OCEAN. 

Professor  Hitchcock,  in  his  geology,  gives  the  following: 
The  temperature  of  the  air  diminishes  one  deg.,  F.,  for  300 
feet  of  altitude;  two  degrees  for  595  feet;  three  degrees 
for  872  feet;  four  degrees  for  1124  feet;  five  degrees  for 
1,347  feet  and  six  degrees  for  1,539  feet.  Hence,  at  the  equa- 
tor perpetual  frost  exists  at  the  height  of  15,000  feet,  dimin- 
ishing to  13,000  feet  at  either  tropic.  Between  the  latitudes 
40°  and  59°,  it  varies  from  10,000  to  4,000  feet.  In  almost 
every  part  of  the  frigid  zone  this  line  descends  to  the  surface. 
These  results,  however,  are  generally  modified  by  several  cir- 
cumstances; so  that,  in  fact,  the  line  of  perpetual  congelation 
is  not  in  a  regular  curve,  but  rather  an  irregular  line,  descend- 
ing and  ascending. 


1-3* 


STATISTICS 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


159 


Estimate  of  Gold  and  Silver  Produced  in  the  United 
States,  from  1845  to  1881,  inclusive. 


From  Official  Reports  by  the  Director  of  the  M,int  of  the  United  States. 

VEAR.                                                                                                   GOLD.  SILVER.  TOTAL. 

1845 $    1,008,327  From  1849  to        $      1,008,327 

1846 1,239,357  1,239,357 

1847 ..        889,085  889,085 

1848 IO,OOO,OOO  Estimated  pro-  IO,OOO,OOO 

!|49 40,000,000  $«j!£V  40,000,000 

1850 50,000,000  annum.  5O,OOO,OOO 

1851 55,000,000  55,000,000 

1852... 60,000,000  60,000,000 

1853 •    65,000,000  jaSrfth.  65,000,000 

1854 6o,OOO,OOO  U.  S.   were  dis-  6o,OOO,OOO 

1855 55,000,000  covered  in  55,OOO.OOO 

1856 55,000,000  55,000,000 

1857 .......   55,000,000  55,000,000 

1858 50,000,000  $    500,000  50,500,000 

1859 50,000,000  IOO,OOO  5O,IOO,OOO 

i860 46,000,000  150,000  46,150,000 

i86i.___ 43,000,000  2,000,000  45,000,000 

1862 39,200,000  4,500,000  43,700,000 

1863 40,000,000  8,500,000  48,500,000 

1864 _• 46,100,000  11,000,000  57,100,000 

1865 ..          53,225,000  11,250,000  64,475,000 

1866 53,500,000  10,000,000  63,500,000 

1867 51,725,000  13,500,000  65,225,000 

1868. 48,000,000  12,000,000  60,000,000 

1869 49,500,000  12,000,000  61,500,000 

1870. ..          50,000,000  16,000,000  66,000,000 

1871 ..          43,500,000  23,000,000  66,500,000' 

1872 36,000,000  28,750,000  64,750,000 

1873 36,000,000  35,750,000  71,750,000 

1874 33,490,902  37,324,594  70,815,496 

1875 33>467,856  31,727,560  65,195,416 

1876 39,929,166  38,783,016  78,712,182 

1877 46,897,390  39,793-573  86,690,963 

1878 51,206,360  45,281,385  96,487,745 

1879 38,899,858  40,812,132  79,711,990 

1880 36,000,000  38,450,000  74,450,000 

1881 34,700,000  43,000,000  77,700,000 

Total  37  years $1,558,378,301  $504,172,260  $2,062,550,561 

The  gross  yield  of  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead  for  the  States  and  Terri- 
tories west  of  the  Missouri  for  1882,  is  approximately  as  follows: 

Gold 32.67  p.  c $3°,I93>355 

Silver 54.27  p.  c 50,155,288 

Copper 4.39  p.  c.. 4,055,037 

Lead 8.67  p.  c 8,008,155 


Total $92,411,835 


160 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


Gold  and  Silver. 

WORLD'S  PRODUCTION  AND  SUPPLY. 


GOLD.  SILVER. 

Stock  in  1492 :..'. $500,000,000  $400,000,000 

Production  1492  to  1848 3,200,000,000  7,000,000,000 

Stock  in  1848 $3,700.000,000  $7,400,000,000 

YEARLY    PRODUCTION    SINCE    1848. 

GOLD.  SILVER. 

1849 $6l,5OO,OOO  $39,OOO,OOO 

1850 70,500,000  39,000,000 

1851 81,500,000  40,000,000 

1852 132,750,000  40,600,000 

1853 155,450000  40,600,000 

1854 127,450,000  40,600,000 

1855 135,070,000  40,600,000 

1856 147,600,000  40,650,000 

1857 133,275,000  40,650,000 

1858 124.650,000  40,650,000 

1859. 124,850,000  40,750,000 

1860 119.250,000  40,800,000 

1861 113,800,000  42,700,000 

1862 107,750,000  45,200,000 

1863 106,950,000  49,200,000 

1864 113,000,000  51,700,000 

1865 120,200,000  51,950,000 

l866 121,100,000  50,725,000 

1867 114,025,000  54,225,000 

1868 109,725,000  50,225,000 

1869 106,225,000  47,500,000 

1870 106,850,000  51,575,000 

1871 107,000,000  61,050,000 

1872 99,550,000  65,250,000 

1873 96,200,000  89,250,000 

1874 90,750,000  71,500,000 

1875 97,500,000  80,500,000 

1876 95,000,000  74,000,000 

1877 97,000,000  81,060,000 

1878 86,500,000  73,500,000 

1879 105,400,000  81,037,500 

1880 94,800,000  72,125,000 

1881 110,000,000  94,000,000 

Total $3.613,175,000  $1,833,112,000 

•  SUMMARY. 

GOLD.  SILVER. 

Stock  in  1492 $500,000,000  $400,000,000 

Production  1492  to  1848. 3,200,000,000  7,000,000,000 

"          1849101881 3,613,175,000  1,833,112,000 

Total $7.3I3»  175.°°°  $9,233,112,000 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  161 

Estimating  loss  from  abrasion  and  total  destruction  at  one-tenth  of  one  per  cent, 
per  annum,  there  would  be  a  loss  of  $730,000,000  gold  and  $1,000,000,000 
silver,  leaving  the  world's  supply,  on  January  ist,  1882,  as  follows: 

GOLD.  SILVER. 

Production.,, $7,313,175,000         $9,233,112,000 

Destroyed 730,000,000  1,000,000,000 


Stock,  January  i,  1882 $6,583,1715,000        $8,233,112,000 

The  following  table  gives  a  comparative  statement  of  the  yield  of  precious 
metals,  since  the  earliest  time,  in  different  countries,  and  their  use : 

Production  before  Christian  Era $5,000,000,000 

since,  and  down  to  discovery  of  America 4,000,000,000 

between  years  1492  and  1852 10,000,000,000 

bet  ween  years  1848  and  1882 '6,500,000,000 

"          of  gold  in  Russia 1.000,000,000 


Total  world's  production $26,500,000,000 

Annual  production  before  Christian  era $10,  ooo,  ooo 

since,  to  discovery  of  America 5,000,000 

"              "          the  succeeding  350  years 25,000,000 

from  1842  to  1852 100,000,000 

from  1852  to  1882 200,000,000 

Estimated  Amount  of  Gold  and  Silver  in  the  World. 

Estimated  amount  now  in  existence $15.000,000,000 

"              "       lost,  destroyed,  and  used  in  arts 11,500,000,000 

Amount  of  gold  in  the  world... 7,000,000,000 

of  silver  in  the  world 8,000,000,000 

of  both  in  coin  and  bullion 8,000,000,000 

of  both  in  watches 4,000,000,000 

of  plated  jewels  and  ornaments 3,000,000,000 

produced  in  North  and  South  America 10,500,000,000 

"        in  Asia,  Australia  and  New  Zealand 5,000,000,000 

"        in  Europe 6,000,000,000 

"        in  Africa 5,000,000,000 

The  exports  of  silver  during  the  year   1882  to  Japan,  China,    India,    the 
Straits,  etc.,  were  as  follows: 


From  Southampton $27,390,000 

Venice 9,695,000 

Marseilles 806,000 

San  Francisco 5»375-oo° 

Total $43,266,000 

As  against  $27,000,000  from  the  same  places  in  1881. 


162 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


Bonanza  Mines. 

It  is  upon  True  Fissure  veins  that  the  great  mines  of  the  world  have  been 
located.  Name  and  production  as  follows: 

Bissenna      Silver  Mine $  16,311,000 

Santa  Anna                     21,347,000 

Valaneta 31,813,000 

Parmillian                       70,000,000 

Veta  Madre                    335,935<ooo 

Comstock 365,000,000 

Rio  Grande                    650,000,000 

Sierra  Madre  ' 800,000,000 

Potosi  '              1,000.000,000 

Gold  and  Silver. 

The  world's  annual  production,  of  which  the  United  States 

produces  fully  one-half,  is  at  present $  200,000,000 

During  the  last  twenty-five  years  India  has  taken  an  average  of 
$38,000,000,  and  China  $9,000,000,  making  the  average 
yearly  absorption  of  silver  by  these  nations 47,000,000 

In  the  Arts  the  United  States  is  using  in  gold  and  silver  $15,- 
000,000  yearly,  and  the  rest  of  the  world  fully  $35,000,000 
more,  making  in  all  per  annum 50,000,000 

Counting  loss  and  abraision 3,000,000 

We  have  left  for  the  purposes  of  coinage  for  the  entire  world 

only $100,000,000 

When  we  consider  that  gold  and  silver  are  the  life  blood  of  Commerce, 
and  that  Commerce  is  already  the  greatest  Sovereign  on  earth,  with  rapidly 
increasing  power,  it  is  evident  that  the  amount  of  the  precious  metals  must 
be  largely  increased  in  order  to  meet  the  increasing  demands  of  the  world, 
and,  therefore,  over-production  need  not  be  feared.  Gold  and  Silver  are 
alike  necessary  to  the  world's  commerce,  and  the  fact  that  for  three  thousand 
years  their  relative  values  have  undergone  but  little  change,  must  make  them 
honest  money  in  the  face  of  all  theories. 


Report  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint  gives  the  amount  of  circulation  Febru^ 
ary  1st,  1883. 


IN  TREASURY. 

Gold  bullion .  .$  51,449,382 

Silver  bullion 3,761.958 

Gold   coin 121,868,451 

Silver   dollars 97> 530,969 

Other  silver 27,135,244 

Gold  certificates 25, 107, 300 

Silver  certificates 4,306,650 

U.  S.  notes 33,592,236 

National  bank  notes 10,486,291 

Fractional  currency . .  7, 101 


IN  BANKS  AND 
ACTIVE  CIRCULATION. 


405,510,541 


53.428,257 

47,669,640 

68,438,820 

313,088,780 

350,972,860 

7,OIO,992 


TOTAL. 


$     5l> 

3,761,958 
527,3785992 
135,405,080 


72,776,940 

72,745,470 

346,68l,0l6 

361,459,151 

7,018,093 


$   375,245,582         $1,283,994,001       $1,650,239,583 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


163 


Leadville's  Mining-  Output. 

The  following  table  gives  the  approximate  weekly   output  of  the  leading 
mines  of  the  camp  at  the  present  time: 


MINES.  TONS. 

Adlaide , . . . .  60 

Amie 720 

Argentine 300 

A.  Y 240 

Belgian 90 

Catalpa 120 

Chrysolite 300 

Crescent 120 

Cyclops 30 

Carbonate  Hill 18 

Dunkin 240 

Dolphin 90 

Evening  Star 600 

Gilt  Edge 60 

Henrietta 300 

Highland  Chief 90 

Imes 30 


MINES.  TOES' 

Iron  Silver. 1800 

Little  Pittsburg 100 

Little  Ella 180 

Leadville 72 

La  Plata 240 

Long  &  Derry .  36 

Matchless 240 

Morning  Star 600 

Robert  E.  Lee 420 

Ruby 36 

Silver  Cord 720 

Small  Hopes . .  .* 30 

Smuggler 1 50 

Tenderfoot 60 

Venture 36 

Vining 20 

Wolftone 36 


Miscellaneous  Ore  Output. 

The  following  is  the  weekly  output  of  the  principal  mines  throughout  the 
country: 


TONS. 

Alta  Montana,  Montana 140 

Bodie  Con in 

Contention,  Arizona 540 

Father  de  Smet,  Dakota 3.000 

Grand  Central,  Arizona 600 

Horn  Silver.  Utah I,ooo 


Moulton,  Montana .    ...     240 

Northern  Belle,  Nevada 400 

Robinson,  Colorado .      180 

Silver  King,  Arizona .      360 

Standard  Con.,  California....  1,494 


Estimate  of  Aggregate  Production  of  thePreciousMetals 
in  all  Countries,  from  1491-5  to  1881,  inclusive. 


NATION. 

GOLD. 

SILVER. 

TOTAL. 

Germany  

----$  

$    403,000,000 

$    403,000,000 

Austria-Hungary  

.  .  ..       339,000,000 

398,000,000 

734,000,000 

Africa  

750,000,000 

750,000,000 

Chili  

195,000,000 

134,000,000 

329,000,000 

Brazil  

....        765,000,000 

765,000,000 

New  Granada  

.  .  ..       894,000,000 

894,000,000 

Australia  

....    1,500,000,000 

1,500,000,000 

Peru  . 

.  .  ..       100,000,000 

1,565,000,000 

1,665,000,000 

Potosi,   (Bolivia)  

....       216,000,000 

1,869,000  ooo 

2,085,000,000 

Russia  

875,000,000 

125,000,000 

1,000,000,000 

Mexico  

195,000,000 

3,300,000,000 

3,495,000,000 

United  States  

.  .  ..    1,630,000,000 

5  70,  ooo,  ocx) 

2,200,000,000 

Other  countries  

100,000,000 

350,000,000 

450,000,000 

Grand  total $16,263,000,000 


164  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

From  the  Engineering  and  Mining  Journal. 

Copper  Production  in  1882. 

Michigan 57, 500,000 

Arizona , 15,560,000 

Montana 10,000,000 

California 1,000,000 

Colorado  and  Utah , 1,000,000 

Vermont 1,265,000 

New  Mexico 870,000 

Imported  Pyrites 1,000,000 

Nevada 400,000 

Missouri   295,000 

Eastern  and  Southern  States 750,000 

Miscellaneous,    desilverizers,  etc 500,000 


Total 90, 140,000 

Highest  and  Lowest  Price  for  Each  Six  Months. 

JAN.  TO  JUNE.  JULY  TO  DEC. 

H.  L.                              H.                L. 

Copper,  Baltimore . , 20.25  17-S°  I7-7S  l7-25 

Copper,  Lake 20.50  18.00  18.25  1787 

Tin,  Straits 25.25  20.25  25.75  21.00 

Pig  Lead,  Common  Domestic 5.20  4.55  S-^%  4.50 

Spelter 5.87  5.33  5.40  4.62 

Antimony,    Co.okson's I5-25  13-S°  I3-5°  11.62 

The  average  price  of  common  Domestic  Lead,  for  a  series  of  years: 

1878.  1879.  1880.  1881.  1882- 

January 4^  4#  6  5  $% 

February ' 3^  4%  6  4%  5X 

March 3%  4  5^  4%  5X 

April , 3#-  3  5#  47/8  5 

May 3^  3  4^  4%  4% 

June 3>£  3^  4%  ^  4% 

July 3/^4  4^  5  S 

August 3^g  4%  4%  5  5 

September 3^  4  4^  5^  5^ 

October 3^  5^  4^  5^  5 

November 3^  5^  5^  5  41A 

December 4  5^  5^  5^  4^ 

The  magnitude  of  the  consumption  of  the  leading  metals  in  this  country, 
and  of  the  interests  involved,  may  be  approximately  presented  by  the  follow- 
ing figures: 

METAL.  CONSUMPTION.       AV.  PRICK.  TOTAL  VALUE. 

Copper 45,000  tons  18  c.  $16,200,000 

Lead 140,000"  4^  c.  12,600,000 

Tin , 11,000  "  22  c.  4,800,000 

Spelter 42,000  "  5  c.  4,200,000 

Quicksilver 50,000  bottles  36. 5c.  1,300,000 


$39,100,000 
Antimony  and  nickel  will  swell  this  to  a  minimum  of  forty  millions  of  dollars. 


Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains. 


165 


Mountain  Peaks  of  Colorado. 

WITH     THEIR    ELEVATION     ABOVE    SEA    LEVEL. 


FEET. 

Blanca 14,464 

Harvard !4,383 

Massive 14, 368 

Gray's I4»34I 

Rosalie 14,340 

Torrey H,336 

Elbert ....    14, 326 

La  Plata 14,302 

Lincoln r4,297 

Buckskin 14,296 

Wilson i4.28o 

Long's 14,271 

Quandary 14,269 

Antero 14, 245 

James' 14,242 

Shavano 14,238 

Uncompahgre I4»235 

Crestones 14,233 

Princeton 14, 199* 

Mount  Bross 14, 185 

Holy  Cross 14,176 

Baldy.. ,  ..  14,176 

Sneffles 14,158 

Pike's 14,147 

Castle 14, 106 

Yale  14, 101 

San  Louis 14, 100 

Red  Cloud 14,092 

Wetterhorn 14,069 

Simpson !4,°55 


Aeolos 14,054 

Ouray 14,043 

Stewart 14,032 

Maroon 14,000 

Cameron 14,000 

Handle r3,997 

Capitol !  3,992 

Horseshoe 13,988 

Snowmass 13,961 

Grizzly 13,956 

Pigeon 13,928 

Blane 13,905 

Frustrum 13,893 

Pyramid 13,885 

White  Rock 13,847 

Hague 13,832 

R.  G.  Pyramid r  3,773 

Silver  Heels 13,766 

Hunchcack I3,755 

Rowter 13,75° 

Homestake 13,687 

Ojo..' 13,640 

Spanish   13,620-12,720 

Guyot 13,565 

Trinchara 13,546 

Kendall !3,542 

Buffalo *  3>54i 

Arapahoe 13,520 

Dunn 13, 502 

Bellevue 11,000 


72  peaks  between  13,500  and  14,300  feet  in  height  are  unnamed  and  not  in 

this  list. 


United  States  Mint  Officers. 

SALARIES. 

Horatio  C.  Burchard,  Director  of  the  Mint,  Washington,  D.   C $  4,500 

A.  L.  Snowden,  Superintendent,  Philadelphia,  Pa 4,500 

Edward  F.  Burton,  Superintendent,  San  Francisco,  Cal 4, 500 

Andrew  W.  Smythe,  Superintendent,  New  Orleans,  La 3, 500 

Calvin  J.  Cowles,  Assayer,  Charlotte,   N.   C. ' 1,500 

Pierre  C.  Van  Wyck,  Superintendent,  New  York,  N.   Y 4,500 

Herman  Silver,  Assayer,  Denver,  Col 2,500 

James  Crawford,  Superintendent,  Carson  City,  Nevada 3,ooo 

Albert  Wolters,  Assayer,  Boise  City,  Idaho 2,000 

Russell  B.  Harrison,  Assayer,  Helena,  Montana 2,500 

Eliot  C.  Jewett,  Assayer,  St.  Louis,  Mo 2,500 


166 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


The  Census  by  States. 

TABLE    SHOWING   THE    POPULATION    OF   STATES   AND   TERRITORIES    IN    l88o 
AND    1870,    AND    THE    PER    CENT.    OF    INCREASE. 


1880. 

1870. 

INCREASE. 

PER  CENT. 

Alabama  

.  .      1,262,344 

996,992 

265,352 

26.5 

Arkansas  

802,564 

484,471 

318,093 

75-6 

California  

864,686 

560,247 

304,439 

54-3 

Colorado  

195,234 

39,864 

155,370 

388.9 

Connecticut  

622,683 

537,454 

85,229 

15-8 

Delaware  

146,654 

125,015  ' 

23,639 

14.4 

Florida  

266,566 

187,748 

78,8l8 

42.0 

Georgia  

-.      1,538,983 

1,184,109 

354,874 

29.0 

Illinois  

.  .      3,078,636 

2,539,891 

538,745 

21.2 

Indiana  

-.      1,978,358 

1,680,637 

297,721 

17.7 

Iowa  ........  

.  .      1,624,493 

1,194,020 

430,443 

36.O 

Kansas  
Kentucky  

•  •          995»335 
.  .      1,648,599 

369,319 
1,321,011 

625,936 
327,588 

169.4 
24.8 

Louisiana  

940,263 

726,915 

213,348 

29.3 

Maine  

648,945 

626,915 

22,O3O 

3-5 

Maryland  

••          935,139 

784,894 

150,245 

19.1 

Massachusetts  

..      1,783,086 

1,457,35! 

325,735 

22.3 

Michigan  

.  .      1,634,096 

1,184,059 

450,037 

38.0 

Minnesota  

780,807 

*      439,706 

341,101 

77-5 

Mississippi  

.  .      1,131,899 

827,922 

303,977 

36.7 

Missouri  

.  .      2,169,091 

1,721,295 

447,796 

26.0 

Nebraska  

452,432 

122,993 

329,439 

268.0 

Nevada  

62,265 

42,491 

19,774 

46.1 

New  Hampshire  

347,784 

318,300 

29,484 

9-2 

New  Jersey  

.  .      1,130,892 

906,096 

224,796 

24.8 

New  York  

••      5,083,173 

4,382,759 

700,414 

16.0 

North  Carolina  

.  .      1,400,000 

1,071,361 

328,639 

30.6 

Ohio  

••      3,197,794 

2,665,290 

532,534 

19.9 

Oregon  ... 

174,767 

90,922 

92.2 

Pennsylvania  

..      4,282,738 

3,52i,95r 

760,  787 

21.3 

Rhode  Island  

276,528 

217,353 

59,175 

27.2 

South  Carolina  

.  .          995,706 

705,607 

290,100 

41.1 

Tennessee  

.  .      1,542,463 

1,258,943 

283,943 

22.5 

Texas  

•  •      1,597,509 

818,579 

778,930 

Vermont  

•  •          332,286 

330,551 

i,735 

0.5 

Virginia  

.  .      1,512,203 

1,225,163  • 

347,040 

28.3 

West  Virginia  

618,193 

442,014 

176,179 

39-8 

Wisconsin  

..      1,315,386 

1,054,670 

260,716 

24.7 

Arizona  

40,441 

9,658 

30,883 

317.5 

Dakota  

134,502 

14,181 

120,322 

84.8 

Idaho  

32,6ll 

14,999 

17,611 

117.4 

Montana  

39,157 

20,599 

18,672 

90.1 

New  Mexico  

118,430 

9i,874 

26,536 

28.9 

Utah  

143,907 

86,786 

57,121 

265.8 

Washington  

75,i2o 

23,955 

51,165 

214.0 

Wyoming  

20,788 

9,118 

11,670 

128.2 

District  of  Columbia  .  .  . 

..       177,638 

131,700 

45,938 

34-3 

Total  

•  •  50,152,559 

38,558,371 

11,594,188 

30.8 

Resources  of  the  Rooky  Mountains. 


167 


United  States  Public  Lands— Where  They  Lie. 

STATEMENT  SHOWING  THE  NUMBER  OF  ACRES  OF  PUBLIC  LANDS  SURVEYED  IN  THE  LAND 
STATES  AND  TERRITORIES  UP  TO  JUNE  30,  1882  ;  ALSO,  THE  TOTAL  AREA  OF  THE 
PUBLIC  DOMAIN  REMAINING  UNSURVEYED. 

From  the  Annual  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Office  for  i88g. 


LAND 
STATES  AND 
TERRITO- 
RIES. 

Area  of  Public  Lands 
in  States  and  Terri- 
tories. 

Number  of  Acres  of  Public  Lands 
Surveyed. 

Total  Area 
of  Public 
and  Indian 
Lands  Re- 
maining 
Unsurv'yd, 
inclusive  of 
the  area 
of    Private 
Land 
Claims  Sur 
veyed  up 
to  June  30, 
1882. 

In  Acres 

In 
square 
miles. 

Up  to  June 
30,  1881. 

Prior  to 
June  30, 
1881,  not 
heretofore 
reported. 

Within 
the  Fiscal 
Year  end- 
ing June 

30,  1882. 

Total  up  to 
June  30, 
1882. 

Alabama  
Alaska  
Arizona  
Arkansas..  .  .  .  . 
California. 
Colorado  
Dakota  
Florida 

32,462,115 
369,629,600 
72,906,240 
33,410,063 
100,992,640 
66,880,000 
96,596,480 
37.93I>520 
55,228,160 
35,465,093 
21,637.76° 
44,154,240 
35,228,800 
51.770,240 
26,461,440 
36,i?8,64o 

53.459.840 
30,179,840 
41,836,931 
92,016,640 
48,636,800 
71,737,600 
77,568,640 
25.581,976 
60,975,360 
54,064,640 
44,796,160 
34,511,360 
62,645,120 

50,722 

577.39° 
113,916 
52,203 
157,801 
104,500 
150,932 
59,268 
86,294 
55,4*4 
33.8o9 
68,991 
55.045 
80,891 
41,346 
56,541 
83.531 
47,^6 
65,370 
M3.776 
75.995 
112,090 
121,201 
39.972 
95.274 
84,476 
69,994 
53>924 
97,883 

32,462,115 

32,462,115 

869,529,600 
66,454,450 

40,495,097 
19,627,440 
66,185,119 
7,659-507 
47,111,652 

5,812,970 
33,410063 
57,560,118 
35,026,683 
27,081,815 
30,175,027 
7-853,375 
35,465,093 
21,637,760 
27,003,990 
35,228,80° 
51,770,240 
25.547.631 
36,128,640 
40,213,003 
30,179,840 
41,836,931 
11,759,082 
42.945,036 
17,825,600 
14,639,083 
25,576,960 
26,444,066 
10,076,369 
16,368,489 
34,511,360 
10,366,940 

335,784 

1,987,747 
6,407,692 
1,761,290 
96,986 
262,891 

293,036 

949,778 
5,818,185 
1,568,256 

6,441,790 
33,410,063 
60,497,543 
47,252,560 
30,411,361 
30,272,013 
8,116,508 
35.465.093 
21,637,760 
27,003,990 
35,228,800 

Idaho  
Illinois  
Indiana  
Indian  Ter'y- 

242 

17,  ^0,250 

Kansas 

68,054 
H9,954 

150,173 
392,280 

4,142,715 
7,584,319 
5,016 
3.393,336 
208,044 
934,010 

4,684,032 

330,426 
222,826 

69,367 
645,802 

631,374 
1,287,308 

1,318,618 
202,540 
454,534 

412,271 

51,770,240 
25,946,11  1 
36,128,64^ 
40,635,782 
30,179,840 
41,836,931 
11,978,622 
43,983.119 
22,599,688 
23,510,710 
25,581,976 
31,156,019 
10,486,953 
17.757.033 
34,5n,36o 
15,463,243 

5!5-329 
12,824,058 

80,038,018 
4,653,681 
49.I37.912 
54,057,930 

29,819,341 
43,577,687 
27,  osg,12? 

47,181,877 

Louisiana  
Michigan  
Minnesota.  .  .  . 
Mississippi..  .  . 
Missouri  
Montana  
Nebraska  
Nevada  
N.  Mexico.  ..  . 
Ohio 

Oregon  
Utah  
Washington.  .  . 
Wisconsin  
Wyoming  .... 

Total  

1.814,793,938 

2.835.615 

784.906,979 

32,614,323 

14,204,562 

831,725,863 

983,068,075 

Statistics  of  Homestead   Settlement  on  Public  Lands. 

STATEMENT    OF     NUMBER    OF    ACRES    ENTERED   ANNUALLY,    UNDER    THE    HOMESTEAD    AND 
TIMBER-CULTURE   ACTS,    FROM   JULY    I,    1869,    TO   JUNE   30,    1882,    INCLUSIVE. 


Years  ending  June  30. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

1874. 

1875- 

Homestead  Entries  
Timber-culture  

Acres. 
3  698,910 

Acres. 
4,600,326 

Acres. 
4,671.332 

Acres. 
3,793.613 

Acres. 
3,516,862 

Acres. 
2,353,058 
464.870 

lotal  
Years  ending 
June  30. 

1876. 

1877. 

1878. 

1879. 

1880. 

1881. 

2,820.928 
1882. 

Homestead  
Timber-culture.  .  . 

Acres. 
2,875,910 
607  985 

Acres. 
2,178,098 
520,672 

Acres. 
4,418,345 
1,870,434 

Acres. 
5,260,111 
2.766,574 

Acres. 
6,045,571 
2,193,184 

Acres. 
5,028,101 
T«  763.  799 

Acres. 
6,348,045 
2,566.686 

Total  

3,483,895  i  2,698.770 

6,288,779 

8,026,685 

8,238,755 

6,791,900 

8,914,73! 

168 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


Business  of  the  General  Land  Office  for  the 
Fiscal  Year  1882. 

The  disposals  of  the  Public  Lands,  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1882,  embraced  an 
aggregate  of  14.309,166.50  acres,  which  aggregate  is  made  up  of  the  following  particulars  : 

Cash  entries 3,611,530.94  Acres 

Homestead  entries 6,348,045.05 

Timber-culture  entries 2,566,686.09       " 

Agricultural  College  scrip  locations 1,040.00 

Locations  with  military  bounty  land  warrants 43,865.69       " 

Total  scrip  locations 12,901 .38 

Donation  claims 18,303. 14 

Lands  patented  to  States  as  swamp 648,032.36 

State,  school  and  internal  improvement  selections 276,111.74 

Lands  selected  under  railroad  grants 472,263.88 

1,427,612.50  Acres 

Indian  lands,  sales  of 310,886. 13       " 


Total  number  of  acres  disposed  of  for  the  fiscal  year. . 
Moneys  received  during  the  fiscal  year 


14,309,166.50 
$  8,394,516.04 


From  the  American  Almanac  of  1883. 

Immigration  Into  the  United  States— 1820-1882. 

Prior  to  the  year  1820,  no  statistics  of  immigration  were  officially  kept.  By  the  Act  of 
Congress,  of  March  2d,  1819,  Collectors  of  Customs  were  required  to  keep  a  record  and 
make  a  quarterly  return,  to  the  Treasury,  of  all  passengers  arriving  in  their  respective  dis- 
tricts from  foreign  ports ;  and  these  reports,  published,  from  time  to  time,  by  the  Treasury 
Department,  constitute  the  sources  of  information  as  to  the  progress  of  immigration.  The 
total  number  of  foreign-born  passengers  arriving  at  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  from  1820* 
to  1882  inclusive,  is  given  below.  Prior  to  1856,  the  figures  show  the  whole  number  of  aliens 
arriving,  but,  from  1856  to  1882  inclusive,  the  number  of  immigrants  only,  i.  e.,  of  foreign 
passengers  settling  in  the  United  States. 

It  has  been  estimated  that  the  whole  number  of  aliens  coming  to  the  United  States,  from 
1789  to  1820,  was  about  250,000. 


YEAR. 

TOTAL. 
IMMIGRANTS. 

8  -iSs 

YEAR. 

1837. 
18^8 

TOTAL. 
IMMIGRANTS. 

79-340 
38  QI4 

YEAR. 
1854. 

TOTAL. 
IMMIGRANTS. 
427,833 

YEAR. 
1870... 

\&:.\ 
1873... 
i874... 
1875... 
i876... 
i877... 
i878... 
1879.  .  . 

TOTAL. 
MMIGRANTS. 

....    32^350 
...       404,806 
....    459,803 
••••    313.339 
227,498 
169,986 
....     141,857 
....     138,469 
....     177  826 

1821  . 
1822  .. 
1823  .  . 
1824  .  . 

6,911 

6,354 
7,912 

l839  . 
1840  . 
I84I. 
1842  . 

68,069 
84,066 
80,298 
104,565 

1856.. 
1857.- 
1858.. 
1859.. 

1860.  . 
1861.. 
1862.. 
1863.. 
1864.. 
1865.. 
1866.. 
Fiscal  y 
1867.  . 
1868 

195.857 

119,501 
Il8,6l6 

1826  .  . 
1827  .  . 
1828.. 

1820  .  . 

10,837 
18,875 
27,382 
22.520 

1844. 
1845. 
1846. 
1847. 
1848. 
1849. 
l850  .  . 
I85I. 
1852  .  . 
1853- 

78,615 
"4,371 

i54,4l6 
234,968 
226,527 
297,024 
369,980 
379,466 
371,603 
368,645 

89,724 
89,007 
174.524 

247,453 
167,757 

ear  ending  Jun.  30 
298,967 
282  189 

1830  .  . 
1831  .. 
1832.. 
1833  •• 
i834.. 
1835  •  • 
1836  .  . 

23,322 

22  633 
60,482 
58,640 
65,365 

45,374 
76,242 

1880... 

1881... 
1882... 

Total 

••••    457,257 
669,431 
....    788,992 

...  11,598,181 

1869.. 

352,768 

Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


169 


Immigration  to  the  United  States,  by  Countries,  Dur- 
ing 6O  Calendar  Years— 182O-188O. 


GREAT    BRITAIN 

England 894,444 

Ireland 3,065,761 

Scotland 159.547 

Wales 17,893 

Great  Britain,  not  specified 560,453 

Total  from  British  Isles 4,698,098 


Austria-Hungary 65,588 

Belgium 23,267 

Denmark 48,620 

France 313,716 

Germany 3,002,027 

Greece 385 

Italy 70,181 

Netherland 44,319 

Poland 14,831 


Portugal 

Russia 

Spain 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Switzerland 

Turkey 


9,062 

38,316 

28,091 

306,092 

83,709 

619 


Total  from  Europe 8,746,921 


•        SUMMARY. 

Europe 8,746,921 

Asia 228,047 

Africa. 1,631 

British  America 568,941 

All  other  American  countries 97,007 

Pacific 10,474 

All  other 255,778 

Grand  aggregate , 


Chinese  Immigration  Into  the  United  States  for  Each 
Calendar  Yrar,  from    1855  to  1882  Inclusive. 


Year. 

No. 

0  C26 

Year. 

1863 

No. 

Year. 

1871  .  . 

No. 

Year. 
1879  
1880  
1881 

No. 
9,189 
7,on 

1856  
1857  
1858  

l859  
1860  
1861  
1862  

••4,733 
••5,944 
..5,128 
••3,457 
••5,467 
••7,518 
••3,633 

1864  
1865  
1866  
1867  
1868 

...  2,795 
.  .  .  2,942 
...  2,385 
...  3-863 
10  684 

1872  .  . 
1873  . 
1874  . 
1875- 
1876  . 
1877. 
1878. 

u,ujy 
10,642 
l8,I54 
16,651 
19,033 
16,679 

10,379 
8,468 

1882  Jan  tojune27,765 

Total.. 

266,071 

1869  
1870  

...14,902 
...11,943 

NOTE.  —  The  statement  is  made  that  nearly  one-half  of  all  the  Chinese  who  have  arrived 
in  the  United  States  have  returned  to  their  native  country. 


The  Precious  Metals. 

The  following  tables  have  been  carefully  selected  from  the  best  authorities,  and  will  be 
found  useful  for  reference  : 


Gold  

Pure  

100% 

Silver  
Miargyrite..  .. 

Polybasite  
Acanthi  te  
Stromeyrite  .  . 

Freisleberite.  . 
Silver  Galena. 

Pure  
(Silver  . 

100% 

,7y  • 

GoldTelluride... 

Silver  
Silver  Glance  

Horn  Silver  
Ruby  Silver 

(Gold 

28% 

^  Silver.... 
(  Tellurium 

Pure...    . 

(Silver..    . 
(  Sulphur  . 
(Silver..    .. 
|  Chlorine  .  . 
(Silver  

•  •16% 
..56%—  100 

100% 
••87% 
••i3%—  10° 
••75% 
..25%  —  loo 
..60% 

....  •<  Antimony 
(Sulphur.. 
(Silver.  .  .  . 

:^i 

.       2X%-XOO 

....<  Antimony 
(  Sulphur.  . 
(  Silver.... 
"  (  Sulphur.  . 
(  Silver  .  . 

...10% 

...15%—  loo 

...87% 

•  ••13%  -loo 
5V 

.  .  .  -j  Copper  .  . 
(Sulphur.  . 
/Silver.... 
J  Lead  

••3i% 
.  .  .16%  —  loo 

:::*of 

\  Sulphur.  .  . 
(  Antimony. 
(Silver  
•J  Sulphur... 
(  Antimony  . 
(  Silver  
(Antimony. 

..18% 

..22%  100 

-.68% 
..16% 
..16%  —  loo 

..78% 

..22%—  100 

Stephanite  
Antimonial  Silver 

j  Antimony.  .  .27% 
(.  Sulphur  19%  —  100 
(Silver  10% 
'  '  (  Lead.  ..90  to  20%  —  100 

170 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


From  the  American  Almanac,  of  1883. 

Comparative  Bates  of  .Weekly  Wages  Paid  in  Europe 
and  in  the  United  States,  in  1878. 

[Condensed  from  the  Report  of  the   Secretary  of  State  on  the  State  of  Labor  in   Europe, 
Derived  from  Facts  Reported  by  the  United  States  Consuls,  Washington,  1879.] 


*•  -t^ 

5  i  i.  ^  4ft  \  BELGIUM.  ' 

5-oo  1 

DENMARK. 

w 

>• 

2 

H 

£ 
to 

z. 

UNITED  STATES. 

« 

K 

8 

FRAN 

S 

o 

< 
h 

M 
K 
O 

tt 

Z 

S 
<_> 

Bakers.  . 

$ 
4-25 

3-9° 
3-72 

$ 

•55 

$ 

.00 

.00 

5-42 
3.15 

4.90 

5-50 
4.70 

4-75 
5.10 
4.40 

$ 
3-50 

3-55 
3.82 
3-60 

3-97 
4.00 
2.87 
2.92 
3-92 
3-80 
3-60 
4.80 
3.12 
3.58 
3-65 

$ 
3-90 
3-94 
3-90 
3-45 
4-95 
4.18 
3-50 
2.60 
4.60 
4-35 
3-90 
3-9° 
4-32 
4-30 
3.60 

$ 
6.50-   6.60 

7.04-  8.12 

6.50-  7.83 
7.58-  9.03 
7.70-  8.48 
7.33-  8.25 
3.40-  4.25 
4.50-  5.00 

7.25-  8.16 

7.68-10.13 

7.13-  8.46 

7.52-  7.75 

7.35 

5.00-  7.30 
6.00-  7.30 

$ 

5-    8 
10-  14 
12-  18 

12-  15 

9-  J3 
9-12 

"6-'p 

10-  16 
io-  15 

12-  l8 

8-18. 

12-  l8 

io-  18 
io-  14 

$ 

8-     12 
9-     12 

9-      20 

6-     10% 
7~     J5 
7^-12 

"5%-  9" 

6-       12 

9~     15 

12-       20 
12-       l8 

9-     18 
6-     18 
9-     12- 

Blacksmitns  

Cabinet  Makers  
Carpenters  and  Joiners  

4.80 
5-40 

3.00 
4.20 
5-40 

4-25 

<:15 

Farm  Laborers  
Laborers,  Porters,  etc  

Plasterers  

Plumbers 

Printers  

4.62 

3-3° 
4.10 

3-9° 

Shoemakers  

Tinsmiths  :  

4.80 

Comparative  Retail  Prices  of  the  Necessaries   of  Life 
in  Europe  and  the  Unite*  States,  in  1878. 

[Condensed  from  the  Report  of  the  Secretary  of  State  on  the  State  of  Labor  in  Europe, 
Derived  from  Facts  Reported  by  the  United  States  Consuls,  Washington,  1879-! 


Q 

2 

UNITED  STATES. 

2 

< 

< 

H 

. 

S 

D 

M 

u 

> 
z 

•< 

i 

J 

as 
M 

5 

• 

H 

K 
O 

s 

| 

pa 

2 
< 
K 
u. 

1 
o 

j 

<; 
H 

SWIT2 

OS 

O 

H 

2 

u 

5 

u 

Cents. 

Cts. 

Cents. 

Cents. 

Cts. 

Cents. 

Cents. 

Cents. 

Beef—  Roast,  per  Ib. 

20 

22 

22 

20 

3° 

22 

1  2-1  6 

8-12% 

Corned  per  Ib. 

16 

16 

13 

12 

18 

1  8-20 

8-12 

4-  7 

Beans  per  quart. 

10 

13 

9 

7-10 

5-  9 

Bread  per  Ib  . 

4~  5 

3 

3-7 

6 

4 

3^-4% 

4-4% 

4  '  4^ 

Butter  perlb. 

20-50 

25 

22 

28 

36 

29-38 

25-32 

16-40 

Coal                                 per  ton. 

$4.25 

-'ii.  TO 

^2.65-4.  io 

'3~$5'25 

5  "5—  S6  7^ 

Codfish                              per  Ib 

Q 

6-  8 

6-  7 

5—  9 

Coffee  perlb. 

30-40 

3o 

35 

32 

3° 

28-50 

"^  / 
20-30 

16-40 

Eggs  per  doz  . 
Flour                                per  Ib. 

20-25 

4 

20 

18 

IO 

20 

7 

14-30 

25-30 
3—  4 

10-24 
2%-  4% 

Lard           .          per  Ib  . 

20 

20 

21 

22 

I2-l8 

IO-I2 

6—  io 

Milk                            per  quart 

A 

j 

'  '  5* 

5~  9 

8-1  o 

3-  6 

Mutton,  fore  quarter  ..  per  Ib  . 
Oatmeal  per  Ib  . 

16 

16 

4£ 

8 

15 

18 

£ 

16-17 
3^-4% 

9-10 
4~  5 

4-  5 

Pork,   fresh  i-t-r  Ib  . 

"ID" 

14 

J7 

X3 

"i8 

10-16 

8-10 

4-  5 

"      salted  .per  Ib. 

16 

17 

18 

20 

10-16 

8-10 

6-12 

4i      Bacon                    per  Ib 

18 

20 

2O 

22 

72-l6 

8-10 

7-12 

"       Sausage        ..  ..  per  Ib. 

20 
56 

16 
5° 

19 

5° 

20 
$1-15 

60 

18 
68-$2.oo 

8-10 
$1.40-1.60 

6-io 
60-80 

Potatoes  bushel  . 

Rice  per  Ib. 

9 

6 

8-10 

5-io 

Soap  i  per  Ib  . 

IO 

4 

51A-  9 

6-  7 

Sugar  per  Ib  . 
Tea  per  Ib. 

15-20 

.... 

ii 

75* 

...8* 

5° 

543-88 

8-10 
50-60 

3-o 

25-$  i.  oo 

RAIL\VAYS. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  173 

Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad. 

General  Offices,          ....          NO.  102  Michigan  Avenue,  Chicago,  III. 


Road  owned,  including  branches,  3,136  miles,  the  principal  lines  being 
from  Chicago  to  Council  Bluffs;  Nebraska  City  to  Denver;  Omaha  to  Hast-, 
ings;  Rock  Island  to  East  St.  Louis.  Leased,  96  miles;  controlled  by  stock 
ownership,  Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  &  Council  Bluffs,  288  miles;  total,  3,520 
miles.  Of  the  road  owned  308  miles  have  been  built  this  year,  including  part 
of  the  Denver  line.  Locomotives,  484;  passenger  cars,  291;  freight  cars, 
16,903;  service  cars,  1,655.  Stock,  $69,814,191. 


General  Officers  and  Heads  of  Departments. 

C.  E.  PERKINS,   President  ...........................................  Burlington.  Iowa 

A.  E.  TOUZALIN,  ist  Vice-President  ....................................  Boston,  Mass 

J.  C.  PEASLEY,  2d,  Vice-President  .........................................  Chicago,  111 

T.  J.  POTTER,  3d  Vice-President  ..........................................  Chicago,  111 

H.  W.  WEISS,  Secretary  ...................................................  Chicago    111 

WIRT  DEXTER,  General   Solicitor  ........................................  Chicago,  111 

W.  W.  BALDWIN,  Land  Commissioner  ...............................  Burlington,  Iowa 

TREASURY  DEPARTMENT. 
J.  C.  PEASLEY,  Treasurer  ...............................................  Chicago,  111 

E.  E.  PRATT,  Assistant  Treasurer  ........................................  Boston,  Mass 

F.  C.  SMITH,  Cashier  .....................................................  Chicago,  111 

C.  S.  BARTLETT,  Paymaster  ........................................  .  .....  Chicago,  111 

ACCOUNTING  DEPARTMENT. 
WILLIAM  J.  LADD.  Acting   Comptroller,  ................................  Boston,  Mass 

J.  L.  LATHROP,  General  Auditor  ..........................................  Chicago,  111 

N.  B.  HINCKLEY,  Assistant  General  Auditor  ...............................  Chicago,  111 

W.  McCREDIE,  Freight  Auditor  .....................  .  .....................  Chicago,  111 

W.  A.  AMORY,  Auditor  of  Expenditure  ...........................  .  ........  Chicago,  111 

C.  M.  Higginson.  Assistant  Auditor  .........................................  Chicago,  111 

JOHN  D'WYER,  Auditor  of  Ticket  and  Passenger  Accounts  .................  Chicago,  111 

M.  B.  WALKER,  Tax  Auditor  .............................................  Chicago,  111 

OPERATING  DEPARTMENT. 
T.  J.  POTTER,  General  Manager  ...................................................... 

J.  S.  CAMERON,  Assistant  to  the  General  Manager  .................................... 

H    B.  STONE,  General  Superintendent,  .......................  '.  ............  Chicago,  111 

PERCIVAL  LOWELL,  General  Passenger  Agent  ...................................... 

E.  L.  LOM  AX,  Chief  Clerk  Foreign  Passenger  and  Ticket  Service  ....................... 

J.  A.  SHEPPARD,  Chief  Clerk  Local  Passenger  and  Ticket  Service  ..................... 

W.  H.  FIRTH,    Chief  of  Traveling  Passenger  Agent  Service  ............................ 

MASON  B.  STARRING,  Assistant  General  Baggage  Agent  ............................. 

GEORGE  B.  HARRIS,  Purchasing  Agent  ............................  ................. 

E.  P.  RIPLEY,  General  Freight  Agent  ................................................. 

PAUL  MORTON,  ist  Assistant  General  Freight  Agent  ................................. 

G.  H.  ROSS,  sd  Assistant  General  Freight  Agent  ...................................... 

R.  J.   McCLURE,  Chief  Engineer 


JOHN  Q.  A.  BEAN,  General  EasternAgent  ............... 

T.  D.  McKAY,  General  Agent  ........................................  San  Francisco,  Cal 

J.  F.  MORGAN,  Superintendent  Telegraph 
E.  G.  SQUIRE,  Car  Accountaut 


174  Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains. 

THE 

GREAT  "BURLINGTON 

Is  the  People's  Favorite  Line  between  all  points  East,  West,  North  and 
South,  because  of  their  Great  Through  Car  System. 

Their  Track  is  Steel— Their  Trains  are  Rolling  Palaces 

—They  Wait  for  Their  Connections,  and 

Always  Arrive  OD  Time. 

No.    ii.      Galesburg,   Ottawa,    Stieator,   Rockford    and    Freeport 

Express. — Leave  Chicago  8:25  A.M.  Daily  except  Sunday — THROUGH  PAS- 
SENGER COACHES,  Chicago  to  Galesburg,  Ottawa,  Streator  and  Rockford. 

No.  9.  Dubuque  and  Sioux  City  Express. — Leave  Chicago  10:00 
A.M.  Daily  except  Sunday. — THROUGH  PASSENGER  COACHES,  Chicago  to 
Sioux  City  via  C.  B.  &  Q.  and  I.  C.  R.  R.  THROUGH  PULLMAN  SLEEP- 
ING CARS,  Chicago  to  Sioux  City  via  Dubuque,  C.  B.  &  Q.  and  I.  C.  R.  Rs. 

No.  u.  Iowa  Express, — Leave  Chicago  8:25  A.M.  Daily,  except  Sun- 
day.— THROUGH  PASSENGER  COACHES,  Chicago  to  Council  Bluffs. 

No.  i.  Denver  Fast  Express. — Leave  Chicago  12:15  NOON  Daily. 
PASSENGER  COACHES,  Chicago  to  Pacific  Junction.  PULLMAN  SLEEPING 
CARS,  Chicago  to  Pacific  Junction,  and  Pacific  Junction  to  Denver.  DINING 
CAR,  Chicago  to  Burlington,  and  Red  Oak  to  Pacific  Junction. 

No.  i.  Montana  and  Pacific  Fast  Express. — Leave  Chicago  Daily, 
except  Sunday,  at  12:15  MOON  for  St.  Joseph,  Atchison,  Topeka,  Council 
Bluffs  and  Omaha.  THROUGH  PASSENGER  COACHES,  Chicago  to  Council 
Bluffs;  Chicago  to  Atchison  via  Hopkins  and  K.  C.,  St.  J.,  C.  B.  R.  R.; 
Indianapolis  to  Burlington  via  I.  B.  &  W.  R.  R.  and  C.  B.  &  Q.  R.  R. 
Peoria  to  Council  Bluffs.  THROUGH  PULLMAN  SLEEPING  CARS,  Chicago 
to  Council  Bluffs;  Chicago  to  Topeka  via  Hopkins  and  K.  C.,  St.  J.  &  C.  B. 
and  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.  R.  R.  DINING  CARS,  Chicago  to  Burlington  and  Red 
Oak  to  Council  Bluffs;  Hopkins  to  Atchison. 

No.  5.  Kansas  City  and  Denver  Express.— Leave  Chicago  12:30 
P.M.  Daily.  THROUGH  PASSENGER  COACHES,  Chicago  to  Kansas  City  via 
Quincy  and  H.  &  St.  J.  R.  R.;  Indianapolis  to  Quincy  via  I.  B.  &  W.  R.  R. 
and  C.  B.  &  Q.  R.  R.  THROUGH  RECLINING  CHAIR  CARS,  Chicago  to 
Kansas  City  (Seats  Free)  via  Quincy  and  H.  &  St.  J.  R.  R.  THROUGH 
PULLMAN  SLEEPING  CARS,  Chicago  to  Kansas  City,  via  Quincy,  including 
St.  J.  R.  R. ;  connecting  at  Kansas  City  with  Through  Pullman  Sleeping 
Cars  to  Denver,  via  Kansas  Pacific  R.  R.,  and  with  Through  Pullman  Sleep- 
ing Cars  to  Pueblo,  via  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.  R.  R.  DINING  CAR,  Aurora  to 
Galesburg. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  175 


No.  3.  Omaha,  Lincoln  and  Denver  Night  Express. — Leave  Chi- 
cago 9:25  P.M.  Daily,  except  Saturday.  '.•THROUGH  PASSENGER  COACHES, 
Chicago  to  Council  B'uffs.  Indianapolis  to  Council  Bluffs  via  Peoria  and  I., 
B.  &  W.  R.  R.  THROUGH  PULLMAN  SLEEPING  CARS,  Chicago  to  Council 
Bluffs;  Chicago  to  Keokuk. 

No.  3.  Arizona  and  California  Express. — Leave  Chicago  9:25  P.M. 
Daily.  THROUGH  PASSENGER  COACHES,  Chicago  to  Quincy;  Chicago  to 
Kansas  City  via  Quincy  and  H.  &  St.  J.  R.  R.  THROUGH  RECLINING 
CHAIR  CARS,  Chicago  to  Kansas  City  via  Quincy  (Seats  Free);  connecting  at 
Kansas  City  with  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.  R.  R.  Through  Pullman  Sleeping  Cars 
and  Day  Coaches  for  Santa  Fe  and  Deming;  connecting  at  Deming  with 
Through  Coaches  and  Pullman  Sleeping  Cars  via  Southern  Pacific  R.  R.  for 
San  Francisco.  THROUGH  PULLMAN  SLEEPING  CARS,  Chicago  to  Quincy. 

No.  3  Texas  Express. — Leave  Chicago  9:25  P.M.  Daily,  except  Sat- 
urday. THROUGH  PASSENGER  COACHES,  Chicago  to  Hannibal.  Through 
Pullman  Cars,  Chicago  to  Quincy,  connecting  at  Hannibal  with  Texas  Ex- 
press on  Missouri  Pacific  R.  R.  Through  Coaches,  Hannibal  to  Sedalia,  and 
Through  Pullman  Sleeping  Cars,  Sedalia  to  Dennison,  Dallas  and  Houston. 

No.  21.  Dubuque  Express. — Leave  Chicago  9:30  P.M.  Daily,  except 
Sunday.  THROUGH  PASSENGER  COACH,  Chicago  to  Ft.  Dodge.  Pullman 
Sleeping  Cars,  Chicago  to  Dubuque  and  Cedar  Falls. 

LAND    BUYERS. 

And  all  persons  looking  for  homes  in  the  Great  West  will  remember  that  the 
BURLINGTON  ROUTE  leads  direct  to  the  heart  of  all  the  fertile  and  desirable 
lands,  borh  Government  arid  Railroad,  in  NEBRASKA,  KANSAS  and  TEXAS. 

TICKETS. 

FIRST-CLASS  ROUND-TRIP  EXPLORING  TICKETS  and  ONE-WAY  EMI- 
GRANT TICKETS  at  very  low  rates.  For  Land  Circulars  and  Rates  of  Fare, 
apply  to  any  agent  of  the  Company  whose  name  appears  herein. 

SECOND-CLASS.  —  Passengers  holding  second-class  tickets  over  this  road  are 
carried  on  the  same  trains  as  first-class  passengers,  in  comfortable,  clean, 
warm  cars,  with  upholstered  seats  and  backs;  in  fact,  in  nearly  as  good  as 
first-class  cars.  Neither  second-class  passengers  nor  emigrants  can  have 
Pullman  S  leeping  Car  accommodations,  and  in  this  lies  about  all  the  restric- 
tions that  are  placed  on  them. 

EMIGRANTS! — The  Burlington  Route  runs  no  emigrant  trains  or  cars.  Emi- 
grants via  this  road  are  carried  on  regular  Express  Trains,  in  clean,  light 
coaches,  with  cushioned  seats  and  backs,  and  which  are  as  good  as  the  coaches 
furnished  by  many  roads  to  first-class  passengers. 


176  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

• 

THE  EMIGRANT  TRAINS  TO  THE  FAR  WEST. — These  trains  are  made  up 
of  comfortable  coaches,  and  are  supplied  witn  cushioned  seats,  etc.  The 
passengers  are  not  crowded  in  the  cars,  but  plenty  of  room  is  given.  Emi- 
grants can  get  meals  at  the  regular  "Eating  Stations"  along  the  line,  or  they 
can  carry  cooked  provisions  with  them,  and  buy  coffee  or  tea  at  the  eating 
houses  at  reasonable  rates,  and  eat  on  the  train. 

No  CARS  can  be  chartered  over  any  road  for  carrying  colonists  or  Emigrants 
to  points  on  Union  Pacific,  Central  Pacific,  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
and  Southern  Pacific  Railways;  nor  can  any  reduction  be  made  in  the  Emi- 
grant rates  for  parties  of  ANY  number.  Parties  of  thirty  or  more  can  have 
exclusive  use  of  a  car  for  themselves. 

EMIGRANTS'  MOVABLES  go  on  the  same  train  with  the  passengers  from 
Missouri  River,  through  freight  cars  being  attached  for  this  purpose.  House- 
hold goods,  released,  from  Chicago  to  San  Francisco,  by  freight  trains,  $5.00 
per  loo  Ibs. 

EXTRA  BAGGAGE  between  Chicago  and  Missouri  River,  about  $2.00  per 
100  Ibs;  between  Missouri  River  and  San  Francisco,  $10.00  to  $15.00  per 
100  Ibs.,  according  to  class  of  passage. 

EMIGRANT  SLEEPING  CARS  are  run  between  Missouri  River  and  San  Fran- 
cisco on  Emigrant  trains.  These  cars  are  divided  off  into  sections  and  berths, 
affording  comfortable  quarters  for  sleeping  purposes.  The  berths  are  FREE, 
but  passengers  should  provide  themselves  with  blankets,  etc. 

It  is  positively  the  only  Western  Line  that  runs 

Parlor  Cars  with  Reclining-  Chairs. 

Seats  free,  between  Chicago  and  Kansas  City,  through  without  change,  on 
both  day  and  night  trains,  and  makes  direct  connection  in  the  Grand  Union 
Depot  at  Kansas  City  with  through  trains  for  all  points  in  the  GREAT  SOUTH- 
WEST. 

Through  Passenger  Coaches  from  and  to  Chicago  and  Pacific  Junction,  and 
Pacific  Junction  and  points  on  B.  &  M.  R.  R. 

Pullman  Sleeping  Cars  from  and  to  Chicago  and  Pacific  Junction  on  Trains 
i  and  2,  connecting  with  Throngh  Pullman  Sleeping  Cars  between  Pacific 
Junction  and  Denver;  also  Through  Pullman  Sleeping  Cars  from  and  to 
Chicago  and  Council  Bluffs  on  Trains  I,  2,  3  and  4.  The  famous  C.,  B.  & 
Q.  Dining  Cars  attached  to  Trains  I  and  2. 

Passengers  going  to  points  West  by  the  Burlington  Route,  arriving  at  Chi- 
cago over  lines  whose  trains  do  not  run  into  the  C.,  B.  &  Q.  Depot,  experience 
no  inconvenience  or  delay,  as  they  are  transferred  to  our  Depot  in  Parmelee's 
Omnibuses  without  extra  charge. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  177 


The  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific  Railway. 


Road  owned,  Chicago  to  Council  Bluffs,  500  miles;  Davenport,  Iowa,  to 
Leavenworth,  Kansas,  345;  branches,  273;  leased,  263;  total,  1,381  miles. 
Locomotives,  296;  passenger  cars,  187;  freight  cars,  7,499;  Stock  (authorized, 
$50,000,000),  $41,960,000. 

GENERAL,  OFFICERS. 

HUGH  RIDDLE,  President ...Chicago,  111. 

DAVID  DOWS,  Vice- President New  York  City. 

R.  R.  CABLE,  Vice-President  and  General  Manager Chicago,  111. 

F.  S.  TOWS,  Secretary  and  Treasurer New  York  City. 

THOS.  F.  WITHROW,  General  Solicitor Chicago,  111. 

A.  KIM  BALL,  General  Superintendent Davenport,  Iowa. 

W.  G.  PURDY,  Local  Treasurer Chicago,  111. 

C.  F.  JILSON,  Auditor  and  Assistant  Secretary. . Chicago.  111. 

E.  ST.  JOHN,  General  Ticket  and  Passenger  Agent Chicago,  111. 

W.  A    STRONG,  Assistant  General  Passenger  Agent Chicago,  111. 

A.  TEMPLE,  Ticket  Auditor , Chicago,  111. 

JOHN  T.  SANFORD,  Freight  Traffic  Manager Chic2go,  111. 

W.  M.  SAGE.  General  Freight  Agent Chicago,  111. 

T.  P.  WOLFE,  Assistant  General  Freight  Agent Chicago,  111. 

G.  H.  CROSBY,  Freight  Auditor  Chicago,  111. 

R.  H.  CHAMBERLAIN,  Superintendent  Illinois  Divi.iuu Chicago,  111. 

H.  F.  ROYCE,  Superintendent  Iowa  Division Des  Moines,  Iowa. 

GEO.  F.  WALKER,  Superintnndent  S.  W.  Division Trenton,  Mo. 

JOHN  GIVIN,  Superintendent  K.  &  D.  M.  Division Keokuk,  Iowa. 

J.  F.  PHILLIPS,  Paymaster Chicago,  111. 

F.  B.  MESICK,  General  Eastern  Freight  Agent New  York  City. 

S.  S.  STEVENS,  General  Agent Council  Bluffs,  la. 

A.  B.  FARNSWORTH,  General  Eastern  Passenger  Agent New  York  City. 

J.  H.  MILLS,  New  England  Freight  Agent Boston.  Mass. 

F.  A.  MARSH,  Purchasing  Agent Chicago,  111. 

A.  R.  SW1  FT,  Superintendent  Telegraphy Chicago,  111. 

J.D.  MARSTON,  General  Baggage  Agent Chicago,  111. 

C.  S.  THOMPSON,  Superintendent  Dining  Car  Line Chicago,  111. 

PASSENGER  DEPARTMENT. 

E.  ST.  JOHN,  General  Ticket  and  Passenger  Agent Chicago,  111 

W.  A.  STRONG,  Assistant  General  Passenger  Agent Chicago,  111 

G.  L.  RHODES,  City  Passenger  Agent Chicago,  111 

S.  S.  STEVENS,  General  Agent Council  Bluffs,  Iowa 

A.  B    FARNSWORTH,   General  Eastern  Passenger  Agent New  York  City 

W.  H.  JENNEY.  New  England  Passenger  Agent Boston,  Mass 

GEO.  M.  LOOSLEY,  Passenger  Agent  Middle  District Philadelphia,  Pa 

PERRY  GRIFFIN,  South-Eastern  Passenger  Agent Columbus,  Ohio 

J.  FRANCIS  LEE,  General  Agent I  ™ 

C.  E.  McPHERSON,  Assistant  General  Agent f  A        tlt°'  Unt' 

CHAS.  KENNEDY,  South-Western  Passenger  Agent Kansas  City,  Mo. 

WM.  D.  MANN,  Colorado  Passenger  Agent Denver,  Col 

R.  McC.  SMITH,   North-Easlern  Passenger  Agent Detroit,  Mich. 

GEORGE  F.  LEE,  Passenger  Agent  for  the  Northwest Milwaukee,  Wis. 

CLINTON  JONES,  General  Agent .' San  Francisco,  Cal. 

JAS.  F.  McFARLANE.  Manitoba  Agent Winnipeg,    Manitoba. 

JOHN  SEBASTIAN,  General  Southwestern  Passenger  Agent Kansas  City,  Mo. 

C.  C.  STOWELL,  Traveling  Agent Chicago,  111. 

I.  L.  LOOMIS,  Trrveling  Agent,  New  York  State New  York  City 


178 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


The  Great  Rock  Island  Railway,  is  the  connecting  link  of  the  great  system 
of  railroads  between  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific,  and  every  coupon  office  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada  can  furnish  passengers  desirous  of  visiting  this  great 
State  through  tickets,  via  this  route.  Travelers  are  assured  fewer  changes  and 
greater  comforts  than  by  any  other  line.  At  Chicago  round  trip  tickets  are 
on  sale,  at  rates  quoted  on  next  page  to  San  Francisco  and  return.  Any  ad- 
ditional information  will  be  cheerfully  furnished  upon  application  to  the 
General  Ticket  and  Passenger  Agent,  at  Chicago.  The  Rock  Island  route 
has  attached  to  their  express  trains  the  famous  dining  cars,  for  which  the  line 
is  noted,  as  well  as  the  celebrated  Pullman  palace  cars  and  day  coaches, 
which  have  no  superior  on  any  road  in  the  world. 

THROUGH  PASSENGERS, 

Holding   First   or    Second    Class   Tickets,  take  Fast   Express  Train  leaving 
Chicago  at  12:05  noon  and  arrive  as  follows: 


LEAVE 

LEAVE 

ARRIVE 

ARRIVE 

ARRIVE 

ARRIVE 

CHICAGO, 

COUNCIL    BLUFFS, 

CHEYENNE, 

OGDEN, 

SALT  LAKE   CITY, 

SAN  FRANCISCO, 

12:05     P.M. 

Ii:20  A  M 

2:iO    f.M. 

6:00    P.M. 

7:55  P.M 

11:40  A.M. 

Monday. 

Tuesday. 

Wednesday.  1  Thursday. 

Thursday. 

Saturday. 

Tuesday. 

Wednesday. 

Thursday.      Friday. 

Friday. 

Sunday. 

Wednesday. 
Thursday. 
Friday. 

Thursday. 
Friday. 
Saturday. 

Friday. 
Saturday. 
Sunday. 

Satuiday. 
Sunday. 
Monday. 

Saturday. 
Sunday. 
Monday. 

Monday. 
Tuesday. 
Wednesday. 

Saturday. 
Sunday. 

Sunday. 
Monday. 

Monday. 
Tuesday. 

Tuesday. 
Wednesday. 

Tuesday. 
Wednesday. 

Thursday. 
Friday. 

Passengers  holding  Emigrant  Tickets  to  all  points  west  of  Omaha,  take 
Express  Train  Chicago  to  Council  Bluffs,  and  Emigrant  Train  from  there, 
arriving  as  follows: 


LEAVE 

LEAVE 

1        ARRIVE 

ARRIVE 

ARRIVE' 

ARRIVE 

CHICAGO, 

COUNCIL    BLUFFS 

J  CHEYENNE, 

OGDEN, 

SALT  LAKE   CITY, 

SAN  FRANCISCO, 

12:05     NOON. 

5:20  P.M. 

2:50   P.M. 

2:iO   P.M. 

7:55  P-M. 

6:10  A.M. 

Monday. 

Tuesdav. 

Thursday. 

Saturday.      'Saturday. 

Wednesday. 

Tuesday. 

Wednesday. 
Thursday. 

Wednesday. 
Thursday. 
Friday. 

;Fr,day. 
;  Saturday. 
Sunday. 

Sunday. 
Monday. 
Tuesday. 

Sunday. 
Monday. 
Tuesday. 

Thursday. 
Friday. 
Saturday. 

Friday. 

Saturday. 

i  Monday.        (Wednesday. 

Wednesday. 

Sunday. 

Saturday.      iSunday. 
Sunday.          Monday. 

Tuesday.        Thursday. 
Wednesday.  Friday, 

Thursday. 
Friday. 

Monday. 
Tuesday. 

The  Great  Overland  Mail  and  Express  Train 

From  Chicago  to  Council  Bluffs,  runs  the  overC.,  R.  I.  &  P.  Railroad,  twice 
daily,  except  Sunday,  and  on  Sundays,  as  follows:     Leaves  Chicago  Oct  I  and 

22,  Nov.  12,  Dec.  3  and  24,  1882. 

From  Council  Bluffs  to   Chicago,  runs  twice  daily,  except  Saturday,  and  on 
Saturdays,  as  follows:     Leaves  Council   Bluffs  Oct.   21,  Nov.  n,  Dec.  2  and 

23,  1882. 

Sunday  Train  for  Kansas  City,  Leavenworth  and  Atchison  leaves  Chicago 
at  11:00  a.m.,  and  returning  arrives  at  Chicago  at  3  p.m.,  (Sundays  only.) 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


179 


San  Francisco  Excursions. 

'  Until  further  notice  the  following  rates  and  arrangements  for  Excursion8 
between  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Leavenworth  or  Omaha  and  San  Francisco 
and  return  will  be  in  force,  via  the  GREAT  ROCK  ISLAND  ROUTE. 


In  parties  of    5  each. 

$180.00 

In  parties  of  30  each,  $1=55.00 

In  parties  of  60  each, 

$125.00 

" 

10 

175.00 

35 

** 

65     ' 

120.00 

" 

15 

170.00 

40 

145.00 

'* 

70     " 

II5.OO 

" 

20 

165.00 

45 

75     ' 

110.00 

" 

25 

160.00 

So 

i35-oo 

100     " 

IOO.OO 

55               130.00 

These  rates  are  available  for  such  Organizations  as  Free  Masons,  Odd  Fel- 
lows, Religious,  Medical,  Scientific,  Theatrical,  and  other  Associations, 
Hunting  and  Fishing  Parties,  Tourists,  Pleasure  and  Health  Seekers,  who 
may  organize  parties  in  the  same  neighborhood. 

For  parties  of  thirty  or  more  going  via  Union  Pacific  Railway  from  Kansas 
City,  Leavenworth  or  Omaha,  and  returning  via  Southern  Pacific  and  Atchi- 
son, Topeka  &  Santa  Fee  Railways  to  Kansas  City  or  Atchison,  or  visa  versa, 
the  rate  will  be  $25.00  more  than  above  named  figures. 

If  Special  Sleepihg  or  Hotel  Cars  are  desired  for  the  exclusive  use  of  the 
party  through  to  California,  they  may  be  obtained  of  the  Pullman  Palace  Car 
Co.;  the  charge  for  same  being,  Sleeping  Cars,  each,  $60  per  day;  Hotel 
Cars,  $75  per  day,  during  absence  of  car. 

A  rebate  allowed  of  $40  and  $35  a  day,  respectively,  for  the  time  cars  may 
lay  over  and  not  used  en  route. 

For  transportation  of  a  special  car  and  party  of  twelve  persons,  or  less, 
twelve  tickets  will  be  required;  for  more  than  twelve,  one  ticket  each. 

All  arrangements  for  excursions  to  California  must  be  made  in  advance  with 
the  General  Ticket  and  Passenger  Agent,  Chicago,  Rock  Island  and  Pacific 
Railway,  at  Chicago. 

CONNECTIONS. 
The  Principal  Railroad  Connections  of  this  Great  through  Line  are  as  follows 

At  CHICAGO,  with  all  diverging  lines  for  the  East  and  South. 

At  ENGLEWOOD,  with  the  L.  S.  &  M.  S.  and  P.,  Ft.  W.  &  C.  R.  Rds. 

At  BLUE  ISLAND,  with  Chicago  and  Grand  Trunk  R'y. 

At  WASHINGTON  HEIGHTS,  with  P.,  C.  &  St.  L.  R.  R. 

At  SENECA,  with  Kankakee  and  Seneca  Railroad. 

At  LA  SALLE,  with  111.  Cent.  R.  R. 

At  PEORIA,  with  P.,  D.  &  E.;  R.  I.  &  P.;  L,  B.  &  W.;  111.   Mid.,   and 
W.,  St.  L.  &  P. 

At  ROCK  ISLAND,  with   "Milwaukee  and   Rock  Island  Short  Line,"  and 
Rock  Island  and  Peoria  Railroads. 

At  DAVENPORT,  with  the  Davenport  Division  C.,  M.  &  St.  P.  R'y- 

At  WEST  LIBERTY,  with  B.,  C.  R.  &  N.  R.  R.  for  St.  Paul  and  Minne- 
apolis. 

At  GRIN  NELL,  with  Central  Iowa  Railroad. 

At  DES  MOINES,  with  D.  M.  &  F.  D.  R.  R. 


180 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


At  COUNCIL  BLUFFS,  with  Union  Pacific  Railway. 

At  OMAHA,  with  B.  &  M.  R.  R.  (in  Nebraska.) 

At  COLUMBUS  JUNCTION,  with  B.,  C.  R.  &  N.  R.  R. 

At  OTTUMWA,  with  Central  Iowa  Railroad  and  W.,  St.  L.  &  Pac.  R'y. 

At  KEOKUK,  with  Wab.,  St.  L.  &  Pac.  and  St.  L.,  Keo.  &  N.  W.  R.  Rds. 

At  CAMERON,  with  H.  &  St.  J.  R.  R. 

At  ATCHISON,  with  A.  T.  &  S.  F.;  Atch.  &  Neb.,  and  Central  Br.  M.  P. 

R.  Rds. 

At  LEAVENWORTH,  with  Kan.  Pac.  and  Kan  Cent.  R.  Rds. 
At  KANSAS  CITY,  with  all  Lines  for  the  West  and  Southwest. 

STAGE  LINES 

CONNECTING    WITH    CENTRAL    PACIFIC   RAILROAD. 


FROM 

TO 

MILES. 

EARE. 

Kelton 

235 

Baker  City        "     

35° 

80  oo 

it 

524 

« 

Walla-  Walla   W   T. 

515 

Toana  

Silver  City   Idaho  

200 

4O.OO 

Truckee 

Lake  Tahoe    Cal 

2 

Dutch   Flat  
Colfax 

Nevada,             "  
Grass  Valley     "        ... 

J7 

2.50 

THE   BLACK  HILLS. 

Holders  of  Emigrant  Tickets  to  Deadwood,  via  the  CHICAGO,  ROCK  IS- 
LAND and  PACIFIC  and  UNION  PACIFIC  RAILWAYS,  and  Stage  connections 
from  Sidney,  are  carried  through  to  Sidney  on  First-Class  Express  Trains, 
with  1 50  pounds  of  baggage  free. 

Concord  Coaches  connect  at  Sidney  with  Union  Pacific  Trains  daily,  de- 
parting at  9  a.m.  and  arriving  at  2  p.m.  "  See  that  your  tickets  read  via  the 
above  route. 

JB^For  additional  information,  address  the  General  Ticket  and  Passenger 
Agent  of  "THE  GREAT  ROCK  ISLAND  ROUTE,"  Chicago. 

LAND   BUYERS 

and  persons  looking  for  homes  in  the  West  will  remember  that  the  "  ROCK 
ISLAND  ROUTE"   connects  in  Union  Depots  with  all   the  Great  Land 
Grant  Railroads  running  West  and  Southwest  of  the  Missouri  River. 
At  COUNCIL  BLUFFS,  with  Union  Pacific  Railroad. 

At  KANSAS  CITY,  with  Kansas  Pacific  Railroad,  Atchison,  Topekaand  Santa 
Fe  Railroad,  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott  and  Gulf  Railroad,  and  Kansas 
City,  Lawrence  and  Southern  Kansas  Railroad. 

At  LEAVENWORTH,  with  Kansas  Pacific  and  Kansas  Central  Railroad. 
At  ATCHISON,  with  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe,  Atchison  and  Ne- 
braska and  Central  Branch  Missouri  Pacific  Railroads. 

First-Class  Round  Trip  Land  Explorer's  Ticket  and  One  Way  Emigrant 
Tickets  at  very  low  rates. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  181 

THE  UNION  PACIFIG  RAILWAY, 

THE  FAVORITE  ROUTE 

TO  THE  ROCKIES  AND  BEYOND, 

KANSAS,     NEBRASKA,     COLORADO,    WYOMING,     UTAH, 
IDAHO,     MONTANA,    OREGON,    WASHING- 
TON,    NEVADA,    CALIFORNIA. 


fMHroc  J  Railroad  Building,  Omaha,  Neb. 

Offices  j  No  44  Equitable  Building,  Boston,  Mass. 


By  the  last  report,  December  31  st,  1 88 1,  the  mileage  worked  by  this  com- 
pany was  as  follows:  Main  line,  Council  Bluffs  to  Ogden,  1,037  miles; 
branches,  Ogden  to  junction  Central  Pacific,  5  miles;  Kansas  City  to  Denver, 
638  miles;  Denver  to  Cheyenne,  106  miles;  Leavenworth  to  Lawrence,  34 
miles;  total  owned,  1,820  miles;  controlled,  Omaha  &  Repub.  Valley  R.  R., 
132  miles;  Omaha  N.  &  Black  Hills  R.  R.,  84  miles;  Colorado  Central  R. 
R.,  328  miles;  Echo  &  Park  City  R.  R.,  32  miles;  Utah  &  Northern  R.  R., 
416  miles;  Marysville  &  Blue  Valley  R.  R..  38  miles;  Carbondale  Branch, 
32  miles;  Junction  City  &  Fort  Kearney,  71  miles;  Solomon  R.  R.,  57  miles; 
Salina  &  Southwestern,  36  miles;  St.  Joseph  &  Western,  252  miles;  Central 
Branch  Union  Pacific  and  leased  roads,  388  miles;  Kansas  Central,  150 
miles;  Denver  &  Boulder  Valley,  27  miles;  Golden  Boulder  &  Car.,  6  miles; 
Oregon  Short  Line,  64  miles;  Greeley,  Salt  Lake  &  Pacific,  18  miles;  Den- 
ver, South  Park  &  Pacific,  197  miles;  Man.,  Alma  &  Bur.,  28  miles;  Nevada 
Central,  94  miles;  total  controlled,  2,449  miles;  total  operated  and  controlled 
December  3ist,  1881,  4,269  miles.  This  has  since  been  increased  by  about 
50  miles  on  the  Utah  &  Northern  and  200  miles  on  the  Oregon  Short  Line. 

Locomotives,  438;  passenger  cars,  383;  freight  cars,  9,011. 

The  company  is  a  consolidation,  January  24th,  1880,  of  the  Union  and 
the  Kansas  Pacific. 

There  is  a  land  grant  of  12,083,227  acres  in  all.  In  1881  the  net  proceeds 
from  land  sales  were  $791,598. 

The  company  holds  stocks  amounting  to  $25,835,700  and  bonds  to  $20,- 
920,430  of  controlled  lines,  besides  $2,875,800  stocks  and  $2,143,000  bonds 
held  by  trustees  of  consolidated  mortgage.  Stock,  $65,372,155. 


182  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


General  Officers. 

SIDNEY  DILLON,  President New  York 

ELISHA  ATKINS,  Vice-President Boston 

H.  McFARLAND,  Secretary  and  Treasurer Boston 

S.  H.  H.  CLARK,  General  Manager, Omaha 

THOS.  L.  KIMBALL,  Assistant  General  Manager Omaha 

S.  T.   SMITH,  General  Superintendent  Kansas  Division Kansas   City,  Mo 

P.  J.  NICHOLS,  General  Superintendent,  Nebraska  Division Omaha,  Neb 

E.  DICKINSON,  General  Superintendent  Wyoming  Division Laramie,  Wyo 

A.  A.  EGBERT,  General  Superintendent  Colorado  Division Denver  Col 

W.  B.  DODDRIDGE,  General  Superintendent,  Idaho  Division Ogden,  Utah 

J.  W.  MORSE,  General  Passenger  Agent Omaha 

C.  S.  STEBBINS,  General  Ticket  Agent Omaha 

A.  TRAYNOR,  General  Baggage  Agent, Omaha 

E.  P.  VINING,  Freight  Traffic  Manager Omaha 

P.  P.  SHELBY,  General  Freight  Agent Omaha 

J.  W.  GANNETT,  Auditor Omaha 

L.  BURNHAM,  Land  Commissioner Omaha 

BENJ.  McALLASTER,  Land  Commissioner,  Kansas  Division Kansas,  City 


SPECIAL  INFORMATION  ALL  SHOULD  BEAD. 


Tickets  and  Rates. 

Through  tickets  to  principal  points  reached  via  the  Union  Pacific  are  on 
sale  at  all  important  railway  stations  in  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

Each  passenger  must  be  provided  with  a  ticket.  Cars  cannot  be  chartered 
for  carrying  passengers.  The  exclusive  use  of  a  first-class  coach,  however, 
will  be  allowed  an  organized  party  holding  thirty  full  first-class  tickets  of  same 
form,  bought  at  same  time  and  place.  The  exclusive  use  of  an  emigrant 
sleeping  car  will  be  allowed  an  organized  party  holding  thirty-six  full  emigrant 
tickets.  . 

Tickets  should  be  bought  only  at  regular  ticket  offices,  as  there  are  numer- 
ous expired,  counterfeit  and  stolen  tickets  in  the  hands  of  "scalpers"  and  bogus 
agents.  Guard  against  imposition  on  this  point. 

Children  under  5  years  of  age  require  no  tickets;  under  twelve  years  require 
half  tickets;  twelve  and  over,  full  tickets. 

On  second  and  third  (Emigrant)  class  tickets,  sleeping  car  and  stop-over 
privileges  are  not  alowed.  Stop-over  checks  are  issued  on  regular  (unlimited) 
first-class  tickets  and  on  land  tickets. 

Holders  of  second-class  tickets  are  carried  in  front  car  of  express  trains,  in- 
an  apartment  separated  from  the  smoking  room. 

Holders  of  emigrant  tickets  are  carried  on  emigrant  trains,  except  those  en 
route  to  land  points  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  who  are  carried  on  express 
trains. 

The  rates  quoted  herein  are  for  passage  only.  They  do  not  include  cost  of 
meals,  or  of  seats  or  berths  in  sleeping  cars.  All  trains  stop  at  regular  eating 
stations,  where  first-class  meals  are  furnished  at  prices  ranging  from  750  to 
$1.00  for  express  trains,  and  from  500  to  7$c  for  emigrant  trains. 


Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains.  183 


Baggage  and  Freight  Bates. 

Baggage  can  be  checked  only  to  destination  of  second-class  and  emigrant 
tickets. 

Free  baggage  allowance  on  each  full  ticket,  100  Ibs.,  and  on  each  half 
ticket  50  Ibs.  on  all  classes  to  railroad  points,  except  as  otherwise  noted 
herein. 

Between  Missouri  River  and  Denver,  150  pounds  baggage  is  allowed  each 
person  holding  one  full  ticket  to  Cheyenne  or  any  point  in  Colorado,  Kansas 
or  Nebraska.  A  half  ticket  entitles  holder  to  75  Ibs. 

All  baggage  for  points  west  of  Cheyenne  must  be  rechecked  at  Missouri 
River. 

Extra  baggage  per  100  pounds  is  10  to  15  per  cent,  of  first-class  fare.  Free 
baggage  allowance  on  stages  is  usually  40  or  50  pounds,  and  the  charge  for 
extra  weight  higher  than  for  same  distance  by  rail. 

The  baggage  allowance  on  steamers  between  San  Francisco  and  Oregon 
points  is  150  pounds.  Extra  weight  $2  per  hundred  pounds. 

Passengers  holding  first-class  tickets  to  San  Francisco  with  prepaid  orders 
for  steamer  passage  to  Trans- Pacific  ports  will  be  allowed  250  pounds  baggage 
free  on  presentation  of  such  orders  to  the  Baggage  Agent  at  Council  Bluffs, 
Omaha,  Kansas  City  or  St.  Joseph;  on  second-class  tickets,  150  pounds  free. 

Freight  rates  on  household  goods,  Omaha  to  San  Francisco,  $370  per  car, 
or  $4. 50  per  hundred  pounds,  well  boxed.  Double  this  rate  if  carried  in 
trunks. 

Freight  rate  on  household  goods  (well  boxed)  from  Omaha  or  Council  Bluffs 
to  Dillon,  Melrose,  or  Butte  City,  Montana,  is  $5.05  per  100  pounds;  from 
Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  or  Leavenworth,  $5.15  per  hundred  pounds;  Omaha 
or  Council  Bluffs  to  Deer  Lodge,  $5.30  per  hundred  pounds;  Kansas  City,  St. 
Joseph  or  Leavenworth  to  Deer  Lodge,  $5.40  per  hundred  pounds;  double 
this  rate  if  carried  in  trunks. 

One  of  the  finest  stock  countries  in  the  world  is  that  penetrated  by  the 
Kansas  Division  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railway  and  its  branches.  The  central 
portion  of  Kansas,  by  reason  of  its  abundant  supply  of  water  and  the  great 
variety  and  excellence  of  its  grasses,  offers  unusual  inducements  to  dairy  far- 
mers. The  cattle  range  is  unlimimited  in  extent  and  unequaled  in  quality 
anywhere  in  the  West.  Complete  and  reliable  information  concerning  Kansas 
lands  is  furnished  by  S.  J.  Gilmore,  Land  Commissioner  Kansas  Division  U. 
P.  R'y,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 


184  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


The  Union  Pacific  Land  Grant 

Contains  about  3,000,000  acres  of  the  choicest  lands  in  Nebraska,  lying  in 
nearly  a  compact  body  adjoining  the  railway,  in  the  justly-renowned  Platte 
Valley.  For  further  valuable  information  concerning  the  lands,  address  Lea- 
vitt  Burnham,  Land  Commissioner  U.  P.  R'y>  Omaha,  Neb. 

Stop-over  checks,  good  ten  days  only,  are  issued  on  first-class  unlimited 
tickets;  also  on  Colorado  tourist  tickets,  and  land  tickets  to  points  in  Nebraska 
and  Kansas. 

All  trains  on  Central  Pacific  Railroad  run  on  San  Francisco  time,  I  hour 
and  46  minutes  slower  than  Omaha  time. 

CONNECTIONS. 

Trains  connect  at  Palisade,  Nevada,  with  Eureka  and  Palisade  R.  R.  for 
Eureka;  at  Battle  Mountain,  Nevada,  with  Nevada  Central  R.  R.  for  Austin, 
at  Reno,  Nevada,  with  Virginia  and  Truckee  R.  R.  for  Virginia  City  and 
Gold  Hill;  at  Junction,  Cal.,  with  Oregon  Division  C.  P.  R.  R.  for  Marys- 
ville,  Redding,  etc. 

Trains  of  this  line  connect  with  rail  and  stage  lines  for  all  parts  of  Utah. 

Salt  Lake  &  Western  Division  U.  P.  R.  R.  joins  Utah  Central  at  Lehi 
Junction.  Lehi  Junction  to  Tintic,  53  miles.  Trains  connect  with  the  Utah 
Central  each  way. 

Stage  lines  in  connection  with  Union  Pacific  Railroad,  with  distances  and 
rates,  from  Sidney  and  Black  Hills  daily: 

Sidney  to  Camp  Robinson 120  Miles.         Fare, 

Sidney  to  Rapid  City 120      '  "      $40.00 

Sidney  to  Deadwood * 265      "  "        25.00 

Leave  Sidney  at  9  A.  M.     Time  to  Deadwood  48  to  55  hours. 

TIME. 

Trains  between  Omaha  and  Laramie  run  on  Omaha  time.  Between  Laramie 
and  Ogden,  on  Laramie  time;  32  minutes  slower  than  Omaha  time. 

Park  City  Branch  leaves  main  line  at  Echo.  Echo  to  Park  City  27  miles. 
No.  I  leaves  Echo  at  8:20  P.M.;  arrives  at  Park  City  9:55-  P.M.  No.  2  leaves 
Park  City  at  7:15  A.M.;  arrives  at  Echo  at  8:50  A.  M.  Both  trains  daily. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  185 


Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 


Road  owned:  Atchison  to  Kansas  State  line,  471  miles;  leased  and  stock 
owned,  Kansas  line  to  Pueblo,  Col.,  149  miles;  La  Junta,  Col.,  to  Deming,  N. 
M.,  578;  Rincon,  N.  M.,  to  El  Paso,  Tex.,  78  miles;  also,  459  miles  of 
branches  in  Kansas,  37  miles  in  Colorado,  and  32  miles  in  New  Mexico;  also, 
from  Benson,  Arizona,  to  Las  Nogales,  (Mexican  line),  95  miles.  Total, 
•perated  directly,  1899  miles.  Locomatives,  251;  passenger  cars,  194;  freight 
cars,  9,096. 

The  company  also  owns  the  stock  of,  but  does  not  operate  directly,  the  Kan- 
sas City,  Lawrence  &  Southern  Kansas,  384  miles,  and  the  Sonora  Railway, 
Las  Nogales  to  Guaymas,  Mexico,  270  miles,  with  branch  under  construction 
from  Hermosillo  to  El  Paso.  Also,  owns  one-half  share  in  Manhattan,  Alma 
&  Burlingame,  54  miles,  and  Leavenworth,  Topeka  &  Southwestern,  45  miles. 
Also,  one-half  the  stock  of  the  Atlantic  &  Pacific.  It  leases  use  of  Southern 
Pacific  track  from  Deming  to  Benson,  174  miles.  Stock,  $55,931,700. 


GENERAL  OFFICERS. 

W.  B.  STRONG,  President Boston,  Mass 

C.  C.  WHEELER,  General  Manager Topeka,  Kan 

W.  S.  MELLEN,  Assistant  General  Superintendent ." Topeka,  Kan 

D.  J.  Chase,  Superintendent Topeka,  Kan 

E.  WILDER,  Secretary  and  Treasurer Topeka,  Kan 

GEORGE  L.  GOODWIN,  Assistant  Secretary  and  Treasurer Boston,  Mass 

JOHN  P.  WHITEHEAD,  General  Auditor Boston,  Mass 

H.  C.  CLEMENTS,  Acting  Auditor Topeka,  Kan 

FRANK  M.  SMITH,  Purchasing  Agent Topeka,  Kan 

J.  F.  GODDARD,  General  Freight  Agent Topeka,  Kan 

JOS.  LEEDS,  Assistant  General  Freight  Agent Topeka,  Kan 

A.  S.  JOHNSON,  Land  Commissioner Topeka,  Kan 

W.  F.  WHITE,  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent Topeka,  Kan 

W.  R.  PEABODY,  General  Agent Atchison.  Kan 

J.  D.  CRUISE,  Commercial  Agent Kansas  City,  Mo 

W.  L.  MALCOLM,  General  Eastern  Agent 419  Broadway,  New  York 

S.  W.  MANNING,  New  England  Agent, 197  Washington  street,  Boston 

J.  O.  PHILLIPPI,  General  Agent 54  Clark  street.  Chicago 

N.  T.  SPOOR,  General  Agent 320  Chestnut  street,  St.  Louis 

JOHN  L.  TRUSLOW,  General  Traveling  Agent Topeka,  Kan 


The  Road  and  Its  Equipment. — The  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe 
Railroad  is  as  well  built  as  any  line  in  the  West.  The  location  of  the  line  was 
good  to  begin  with.  Fills  or  embankments  have  invaribly  been  protected  from 
washout  or  other  encroachments,  in  the  most  perfect  manner  possible.  The 
bridges  are  modern  and  thoroughly  substantial.  The  rails  are  in  good  part 
steel,  and  for  the  rest,  a  first  class  iron.  The  ties  are  kept  new,  and  the  road 
is  ballasted  with  rock.  All  switches,  frogs,  signals,  etc.,  are  of  the  latest  and 
most  improved  sort.  The  rolling  stock  of  the  road  is  not  surpassed  by  that  of 

13 


186  Resources  of  the  Eocky  Mountains. 

any  road  in  the  United  States.  From  the  locomotives  to  the  hand-cars  every- 
thing is  of  the  newest  and  best  make.  The  Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars  are 
universally  acknowledged  to  be  the  finest  in  the  world.  The  car  "  Grenada," 
which  was  exhibited  at  the  Centennial  by  Mr.  Pullman,  as  his  most  elegant 
specimen  of  workmanship,  was  built  for,  and  is  now  running  on  the  A,,  T.  & 
S.  F.  The  trains  of  the  A.,  T.  &  S.  F.  are  confessedly  the  finest  run  out  of 
Kansas  City  Depot,  and  this  distinction  at  a  centre  of  a  dozen  roads  or  more, 
is  no  mean  compliment. 

Bating  Houses  and  Hotels. — The  eating  houses  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka 
&  Santa  Fe  Railroad,  between  terminal  points,  are  located  at  the  following 
named  stations:  Topeka,  Emporia,  Florence,  Larned,  Garden  City,  Coolidge, 
La  Junta,  Raton,  Las  Vegas,  Lamy,  Rincon,  and  Deming.  These  eating 
houses  are  under  the  supervision  of  a  caterer  of  long  experience,  and  nothing 
is  left  undone,  in  this  respect,  to  render  life  worth  living  to  the  traveler.  Care- 
fully kept  lunch-counters  are  also  located  at  every  point  where  trains  make  any 
considerable  stop.  The  hotels  along  the  line  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa 
Fe  Railroad  are,  as  a  rule,  very  good  indeed.  Being  for  the  most  part  new, 
they  are  naturally  clean  and  comfortable;  while  ready  access  to  the  best  of 
Western  markets  renders  it  comparatively  easy  to  supply  meals  of  a  high  char- 
acter. At  Atchison,  Kansas  City,  Pueblo,  Denver,  Leadville,  Santa  Fe,  and 
other  terminal  points,  the  best  of  hotel  accommodations  are  afforded  at  union 
depots  and  elsewhere. 

Colorado. — WESTBOUND. — The  Denver  and  Pueblo  Express,  leaving  Kan- 
sas City  in  the  morning,  daily,  for  Pueblo,  and  the  Pacific  Express, 
leaving  Kansas  City  in  the  evening,  daily,  for  Deming,  both  carry  through 
sleepers  for  Pueblo.  A  sleeper  is  also  run  between  Atchison  and  Topeka, 
connecting  at  the  latter  point  with  the  Denver  and  Pueblo  Express  from 
Kansas  City.  Passengers  en  route,  via  Atchison,  can  secure  through  accom- 
modations by  advising  the  sleeping  car  conductor,  who  will  make  all  arrange- 
ments without  further  trouble1  to  the  passenger.  EASTBOUND. — The  Kansas 
City  and  Atchison  Express,  leaving  Pueblo  in  the  afternoon,  daily,  and  the 
Atlantic  Express,  leaving  in  the  evening,  daily,  carry  through  sleepers  for 
Kansas  City,  the  latter  train  taking  on  the  night  sleeper  from  Pueblo  at  La 
Junta.  A  sleeper  is  also  run  from  Topeka  to  Atchison,  in  connection  with 
the  Kansas  City  and  Atchison  Express,  in  which  accommodations  can  be  secured 
through  conductor  of  sleeper  from  Pueblo.  Pullman  Palace  Sleeping  Cars 
are  run  on  all  the  principal  night  trains  of  the  Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway. 

New  Mexico. — WESTBOUND. — The  Pacific  Express,  leaving  Kansas  City 
n  the  evening,  daily,  carries  the  through  sleepers  to  Deming,  arriving  there  in 
the  morning  of  the  third  day.  EASTBOUND. — The  Atlantic  Express,  leaving 
Deming  in  the  morning,  daily,  carries  through  sleepers  for  Kansas  City, 
arriving  there  in  the  morning  of  the  third  day. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  187 


BATES,  Etc. 

It  is  an  invariable  rule  that  only  those  passengers  holding  first-class  trans- 
portation will  be  allowed  to  occupy  sleeping  cars. 

California. — From  Deming  to  all  points  beyond,  as  far  as  San  Francisco, 
the  Silver  Palace  Sleeping  Cars  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  furnish  first- 
class  sleeping  accommodations  at  about  Pullman  rates.  The  rates  from 
Deming  to  San  Francisco  are:  For  berth,  $7.00;  for  section,  $14.00;  for 
drawing  room.  $28.00. 

Old  Mexico. — The  assured  early  completion  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  & 
Santa  Fe  Railroad  into  Old  Mexico,  gives  the  magnificent  mineral  resources  of 
that  country  new  importance,  and  there  are  many  eyes  on  future  possibilities 
in  that  direction.  General  Grant,  in  a  recent  communication  to  General  Ma- 
thias  Romero,  of  the  Mexican  Cabinet,  on  the  subject  of  bringing  the  City  of 
Mexico  and  other  Mexican  cities,  into  close  rail  connection  with  New  York  and 
other  Northern  cities  said:  "No  one  can  calculate  the  immense  advantage  from 
this,  which  will  result  to  both  countries.  Mexico  could  send  to  the  United 
Spates  each  year  $200,000,000  of  her  products,  tropical  and  semi- 
tropical,  and  could  produce  besides  the  same  quantity  for  other  markets. 
The  income  of  the  republic  would  augment  from  $16,000,000  or  $18,000,000 
to  $80,000,000  at  least,  without  in  any  way  adding  to  the  burdens  of  taxation." 
The  only  direct  route  from  the  Missouri  River  to  Old  Mexico  is  via  Atchison, 
Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad  to  El  Paso  del  Norte,  where  connection  is 
made  with  the  Mexican  Central,  in  course  of  rapid  construction  to  the  City  of 
Mexico.  Stages  from  the  terminus  of  the  railroad  to  Chihuahua  and  other 
points  in  the  interior. 

CONNECTIONS. 

The  railway  and  principal  stage  connections  of  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and 
Santa  Fe  Railroad,  and  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  beginning  at  the  Mis- 
souri River  and  enumerating  westward  to  San  Francisco,  are  as  follows: 

KANSAS  CITY — Missouri  Pacific  Railway;  Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad; 
Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  &  Council  Bluffs  Railroad;  Wabash,  St.  Louis  &  Pa- 
cific Railway;  Chicago  &  Alton  Railroad;  Kansas  City,  P'ort  Scott  &  Gulj 
Railroad;  Kansas  City,  Lawrence  &  Southern  Kansas  Railroad,  and  Chicago, 
Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railway.  Also,  Missouri  River  steamboats. 

ATCHISON — Hannibal  &  St.  Joseph  Railroad;  Atchison  &  Nebraska  Rail- 
road; Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Railroad;  Kansas  City,  St.  Joseph  & 
Council  Bluffs  Railroad;  Burlington  Route;  Central  Branch  Union  Pacific,  and 
Missouri  Pacific  Railway. 

CEDAR  JUNCTION — Pleasant  Hill  Branch. 


188  .Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

LAWRENCE— Kansas  City,  Lawrence  &  Southern  Kansas  Railroad;  Union 
Pacific  Railway. 

VALLEY  FALLS — Kansas  Central  Railway. 

NORTH  TOPEKA — Union  Pacific  Railway. 

TOPEKA — Kansas  City  Branch. 

CARBONDALE — Union  Pacific  Railway,  Carbondale  Branch. 

BURLINGAME — Manhattan,  Alma  &  Burlingame  Railroad. 

OSAGE  CITY — Lyndon  stages. 

EMPORIA — Howard  Branch;  Missouri  Pacific  Railroad,  Kansas  &  Texas 
Division. 

SEVERY — St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  Railroad. 

FLORENCE — Eldorado  Branch;  McPherson  Branch. 

McPHERSON — Union  Pacific  Railway,  McPherson  Branch. 

NEWTON — Arkansas  City  Branch;  Caldwell  Branch. 

WICHITA — St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  Railroad. 

WINFIELD — Kansas  City,  Lawrence  &  Southern  Kansas  Railroad. 

WELLINGTON — Kansas  City,  Lawrence  &  Southern  Kansas  Railroad. 

CALDWELL — Fort  Reno  and  Fort  Sill  stages. 

HALSTEAD — St.  Louis  &  San  Francisco  Railroad. 

HUTCHINSON — Kingman,  Sun  City,  luka,  Medicine  Lodge  and  Kiowa 
stages. 

GREAT  BEND— Rush  Center,  Ness,  Sidney,  Ashland,  Russell,  Stafford* 
Buena  Vista,  Putnam,  Clarence,  Bellfield,  Olney,  Brookdale,  West  Point,  Al- 
exander, Bazine,  Acura,  Alamata,  California,  Cimarron,  Deighton,  Seward, 
Kennelworth,  St.  John,  Leesburg,  Mahenville,  Millard,  Pride,  Bartondale, 
Dorrence,  Gere,  Verbeck,  Forrest  Hill.  Greendale,  luka,  Anderson,  Saratoga, 
Elm  Mills,  Medicine  Lodge,  and  Bloomingdale  stages. 

LARNED — luka,  Saratoga,  La  Crosse,  Hayes  City,  Brown's  Cove,  Hodg- 
man,  Ash  Valley,  Antone,  Harmony  and  Walnut  City  stages. 

SPEARVILLE — Hodgman  Center  stages. 

DODGE  CITY — Fort  Dodge,  Fort  Supply  and  Fort  Elliot  stages. 

LA  JUNTA — Junction  of  Colorado  and  California  lines. 

PUEBLO — Denver  &  Rio  Grande  Railway,  north,  west  and  south;  stages  to 
Bijou  Basin. 

DENVER — Union  Pacific  Railway;  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  Denver  and  South 
Park  Divisions. 

CANON  CITY— Rosita,  Silver  Cliff  and  Wet  Mountain  Valley. 

SALIDA — Gunnison  Branch,  D.  &  R.  G.  Railway. 

G.UNNISON  CITY — Barnum,  Uncompaghre  Agency,  Lake  City,  Ouray, 
Placerville  and  Salina  stages. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  189 

MAYSVILLE — Arbourville,    Monarch    Pass,    Crooksville,    and     Saguache 

stages. 

ALPINE — Tin  Cup,  Hillerton,  and  Virginia  City  stages. 
PARLINS — Pitkin  stages. 
VILLA  GROVE — Sedge-wick,   Rito  Alto,  San  Luis,  Bonanza  City,  Saguache, 

Wagon  Wheel  Gap,  Mosco  and  Del  Norte  stages. 
DEL  NORTE — Wagon  Wheel  Gap,  Antelope  Springs,  Lake  City,  Summit, 

Saguache  and  Pagosa  Springs  stages. 
DURANGO— Fort  Lewis,    Parrott  City,    Farmington,    Silverton   and    Rico 

stages. 

CRESTED  BUTTE — Ruby,  Gothic  and  Irwin  stages. 
COLORADO  SPRINGS — D.  &  R.  G.  Railway,  Manitou  branch. 
TRINIDAD — El  Moro  and  Boonville  stages. 
RATON — Chico  Springs  and  Madison  stages. 
SPRINGER — Virmigo  Park,  Black  Lake,  Pascos,  Elizabethtown,  Ute  Creek, 

Elkins,  Cimarron,  Taos  and  La  Cinto  stages. 
LAS  VEGAS — Hot  Springs  Railroad;  Tascosa  stages. 
SAN  JOSE — Stages  to  Anton  Chico,  via  Chico  Springs  and  Sweet  Water. 
LAMY — Santa  Fe  branch. 
WALLACE — San  Pedro  stages. 

ALBURQUERQUE — Atlantic  &  Pacific  Railroad  for  Winslow. 
WINSLOW— Stages  to  Prescott,  A.  T. 
SocORRO — White  Oaks,  Socorro  and  Magdalena'Mines,  Fort  Stanton,  Fort 

Davis,  Texas,  via  San  Patricio,  Good  Bend,  Reed's  Ranch  and  Pope's 

Wells  stages. 

LAS  LUNAS — Penalta  stages. 
ENGLE — Black  Range  stages. 
RINCON — El  Paso  branch. 

EL  PASO — Mexican  Central  Railroad,  and   stages  to  Chihuahua. 
LAS  CRUCES— Hillsborough  via     Dona  Ana,  Leesburg,    Fort  Seldon,  San 

Diego,    Town   of  Colorado,   Santa  Barbara,  and  Cinega  Ranch  stages. 
NUTT — Lake  Valley  stages. 
DEMING— Junction  A.  T.  &  S.  F.  Railroad,  and  Southern  Pacific  Railroad; 

stages  to  Silver  City. 
BENSON — Tombstone,  Turquois,    Harshaw,   Bisbee,  Hartford,  Contention, 

San  Pedro,  Charleston,  Mule  Pass  and  Hereford  stages,  and  with  Sonora 

Railroad  Extension  to  Gulf  of  California. 
PANTANO— Harshaw  and  Patagonia  stages. 
TUCSON — Arivaca,  Oro  Blanco,   Tubac,  Magdalena,  Hermosillo,  Altar  and 

Guaymas  stages. 

CASA  GRANDE— Florence  and  Globe  stages. 
MARICOPA — Phoenix  and  Wickenberg  stages. 


.190  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

YUMA — Colorado  Steam  Navigation  Company.  Steamers  for  Castle  Dome- 
Ehrenberg,  Aubrey,  Camp  Mohave,  Hardyville  and  Eldorado  Canon, 

COLTON — San  Bernadino  and  Riverside  stages. 

Los  ANGELES — Southern  Pacific  Railroad  branch  lines  to  Santa  Monica 
Wilmington  and  Santa  Ana. 

NEWHALL — SanJBuenaventura 'and  SantasBarbara  stages. 

SANTA  ANA — San  Diego  stages. 

CALIENTE — Kernville,  Havilah,i  Darwin,  Lone  Pine,  ^Independence  and 
Panamint  stages. 

GOSHEN — Visalia  Railroad. 

MADERA — Mariposa,  Fresno,  Groves  of  Big  Trees  and  Yosemite  Valley 
stages. 

LATHROP — Central  Pacific  Railroad. 

STOCKTON — Stockton  &  Copperopolis  Railroad. 

MILTON — San  Andreas,  Sonora  and  Calaveras  Big  Tree  stages. 

SACRAMENTO — Sacramento  &  Placerville  Railroad;  California  Pacific  Rail- 
road. 

IONE — Jackson, 'Mokelumne  Hill,  Sutler  i.Creek,  Amador,  Drytown,  Ply- 
mouth,'and  Fiddletown  stages. 

TRUCKEE — Donner  Lake  and  Tahoe  Lake  stages. 

SAN  FRANCISCO — Southern  Pacific  Railroad,  northern  division,  for  Menlo 
Park,  Redwood  City,  Santa.  Clara,  San  Jose,  :  Trespinas,  Castro- 
ville,  Monterey,  Salinas  and  Soledad;  Southern  Pacific  Coast  Railroad 
and  Ferry,'for  Alameda,  San  Lorenzo,  Los  Gates,  Big  Trees  and  Santa 
Cruz;  North  Pacific  Coast  Railroad  and  Ferry,  for  Sancelito,  Tamal- 
pais,  San  Quentin,  San  Rafael,  Tocaloma  Grove,  Tomales,  Russian 
River  and  Duncan's  Mills;  San  Francisco  &  North  Pacific  Railroad  and 
Ferry  for  San  Rafael,  Petaluma,  Santa  Rosa,  Geyser ville,  Cloverdale 
and  Guerneville;  Sonoma  Valley  Railroad  and  Ferry  for  Sonoma;  Cali- 
fornia Pacific  Railroad  and  {Ferry  for  Vallejo,  Napa,  Calistoga,  White 
Sulphur  Springs,  The  Geysers,  Clear  Lake  Points,  Benicia,  Fairfield, 
Vaccaville,  Madison,  Sacramento  and'all  points  north;  Ferry  lines  for 
all  points  on  San  Francisco  aud  San  Pablo  Bays;  Ocean  Steamship 
lines. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  191 

Denver  ana  Rio  Grande  Railway. 

General  Offices  Denver  and  Colorado  Springs,  Col. 

Road  owned  (3  ft.  gauge),  1,066  miles,  the  chief  lines  being  from  Denver, 
Col.,  to  Leadville;  Pueblo  to  Alamosa  and  San  Juan;  Cuchara  to  El  Moro. 
Work  iu  progress  on  line  to  Utah  border,  238  miles,  which  will  be  extended 
to  Salt  Lake  by  a  controlled  company.  Locomotives,  170;  passenger  cars, 
134;  freight  cars,  4,509.  Stock,  $33,000, ooo. 

GENERAL  OFFICERS. 

W.  J.  PALMER,  President t Colorado  Springs,  Col 

W.  A.  BELL,  Vice-President Colorado  Springs,  Col 

D.  C.  DODGE,  General  Manager Denver,  Col 

GEORGE  W.  RTSTINE,  Assistant  General  Manager Denver,  Col 

J.  A.  McMURl'RIE,  Chief  Engineer Denver,  Col 

WILLIAM  WAGNER,  Secretary 47  William  St.,  New  York 

W.  M.  SPACKMAN,  Treasurer 47  William  St.,  New  York 

JOHN  DOUGHERTY,  Comptroller  and  Asst.  Treas 47  William  St.,  New  York 

W.  HINCHMAN,  Eastern  Agent 47  William  St.,  New  York 

J.  W.  GILLULY,  Cashier Colorado  Springs,  Col 

E.  R.  MURPHY,  Auditor Colorado  Springs,  Col 

A.  B.  GARNER,  Purchasing  Ageut Denver,  Col 

A.  S.  HUGHES,  Acting  General  Freight  Agent /. .  Denver,  Col 

F.  C.  NIMS,  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent Denver.  Col 

N.  W.  SAMPLE,  Superintendent  Motive  Power  and  Machinery Denver,  Col 

W.  H.  BANCROFT,  Superintendent  First  Division , South  Pueblo,  Col 

R.  M.  RIDGEWAY,  Superintendent  Second  Division Alamosa,  Col 

J.  A.  MYERS,  Superintendent  Fourth  Division Salida,  Col 

COLE  LYDON,  Superintendent  Third  Division  Branches , Leadville,  Col 

B.  F.  WOODWARD,  Superintendent  Telegraph Denver,  Col 

G.  W.  Kramer,  Superintendent  Express Denver,  Col 

W.  B.  COBB,  Traveling  Passenger  Agent 135  Randolph  St.,  Chicago 

G.  A.  SANDERSON,  General  Agent 135  Randolph  St.,  Chicago 

HARRY  WHITE,  General  Agent 102  N.  Fourth  St.,  St.  Louis,  Mo 

E.  E.  JOHNSON,  General  Agent  Freight  Traffic Denver,  Col 

MATT  JOHNSON,  General  Agent 1068  Union  Ave.,  Kansas  City,  Mo 

THREE  FAST  EXPRESS  TRAINS  DAILY 

To  LEADVILLE  and  all  adjacent  territory.  Is  the  only  all-rail  route  to 
GUNNISON,  Crested  Butte,  Marysville  and  Villa  Grove,  with  short  line 
stage  connections  for  Barnum,  Lake  City,  Ouray,  Bonanza,  Pitkin,  Irwin, 
Ruby,  Gothic,  Hillerton,  Virginia,  Aspen,  Ashcroft,  and  all  points  in  the 
Gunnison,  Kerber  Creek,  Cochetopa,  Elk  Mountain,  Tin  Cup,  White  Pine 
and  Tomichi  Mining  Districts.  Branches  are  being  rapidly  extended  into  all 
sections  of 

COLORADO,  UTAH  AND  NEW  MEXICO, 

Which  renders  all  of  the  mining  camps  easily  accessible  to  the  prospector, 
capitalist  and  business  man. 

It  is  the  only  rail  route  to  Silver  Cliff,  Robinson,  Kokomo,  Red  Cliff,  and 
the  Holy  Cross  and  Eagle  River  Regions,  and  the  nearest  route  to  Taos, 
Picuris,  and  the 


192  Resources  of  the  jRocky  Mountains. 

Wool  and  Mineral  Districts  of  Northern  New  Mexico. 

Is  the  only  all-rail  route  to  DURANGO,  the  Metropolis  of  Southwestern 
Colorado,  and  to  SILVERTON,  the  heart  of  the 

Famous  San  Juan  Mining:  Country, 

From  which  points  short  stage  lines  diverge  to  Rico,  Fort  Lewis,  Parrot  City, 
Howardsville,  Mineral  Point,  Eureka,  Ophir,  Animas  Forks,  and  the  San 
Miguel  and  Needles  Districts. 

The  Branch  from  Alamosa  to  Del  Norte 

Connects  with  Concord  Coaches  for  Wagon  Wheel  Gap,  Antelope  Springs, 
the  Summit  Mines,  Saguache,  Lake  City,  Ouray,  and  all  sections  of  the  fertile 
and  well  watered  San  Luis  Valley. 

To  Santa  Fe,  the  Ancient  Capital  of  New  Mexico, 

It  is  the  shortest,  and  by  12  hours  the  quickest,  route  from  Denver,  Pueblo, 
and  all  points  in  Colorado;  the  trip  thither  carrying  the  traveler  over  Veta 
Pass,  an  unsurpassed  scenic  and  engineering  marvel,  across  San  Luis  Valley, 
through  Commanche  Canon,  and  down  the  Rio  Grande  River  to  Espanola; 
thence  an  interesting  stage  ride  of  twenty-three  miles  through  or  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  Pueblos  of  San  Juan,  Pojuaque,  Cuyamanque,  San  Ildefonso,  Nambe 
and  Santa  Clkra,  whose  foundations  antedate  the  discovery  of  America. 

THE  FINEST  FISHING  AND  HUNTING  REGIONS 

In  the  Rocky  Mountains  are  traversed  by  this  road. 

Is  the  popular  route  for  tourists  to  the 
LEADING  PLEASURE  AND  HEALTH  RESORTS 

OF   THE    ROCKY    MOUNTAINS. 

All  travelers  in  Colorado  should  include  in  their  itineraries  Manitou  and 
Colorado  Springs,  on  this  line  only,  with  their  environs  of  world- wide  celebrity, 
together  with  Wagon  Wheel  Gap,  Poncho  Springs,  Cotton  wood  Springs, 
Twin  Lakes,  Pagoso  Springs,  Trimble  Springs,  Ojo  Caliente,  and  the  Indian 
Pueblos. 

Among  the  Most  Notable  Scenic  Attractions 
Are  Garden  of  the  Gods,  Williams'  Canon,  Pike's  Peak,  Monument  Park, 
Cheyenne  Canon,  Grape  Creek  Canon,  Spanish  Peaks,  Veta  Pass,  Sierra 
Blanca,  Comanche  Canon,  Royal  George,  Brown's  Canon,  Marshall  Pass, 
Black  Canon,  Mt.  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Tennessee  Pass,  Phantom  Curve,  Los 
Pinos  Valley,  Toltec  Gorge,  Animas  Canon,  Cliff  Dwellings,  Fremont  Pass. 

The  road  surmounts  six  distinct  and  lofty  mountain  passes,  at  altitudes 
varying  from  8,931  to  11,540  feet  above  sea  level. 

CONNECTIONS  BY  RAIL. 

AT  DENVER  with  connecting  railway  lines,  in  the  Grand  Union  Depot. 
No  omnibus  transfers. 

AT  COLORADO  SPRINGS  with  Branch  Line  for  Manitou,  Pike's  Peak, 
Garden  of  the  Gods,  William's  Canon,  etc. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  193 

AT  SOUTH  PUEBLO,  in  Union  Depot,  with  Pueblo  and  San  Juan  Divi- 
sion, via  Veta  Pass,  and  Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Railroad. 

AT  CANON  CITY  with  Silver  Cliff  Branch  for  the  Wet  Mountain  Valley. 

AT  SALIDA  with  Gunnison  and  Utah  Division,  via  Marshall  Pass. 

AT  PONCHO  with  Marysville  Branch. 

AT  MEARS  with  San  Luis  Branch,  via  Poncho  Pass. 

AT  GUNNISON  with  Crested  Butte  Branch. 

AT  NATHROP  with  Alpine  Branch  for  Hortense,  Cascade  and  Alpine. 

AT  BUENA  VISTA  with  South  Park  Division  of  the  Union  Pacific  Rail- 
way. 

AT  PARLINS,  for  Pitkin. 

AT  MALTA  with  Eagle  River  Branch  for  Red  Cliff,  via  Tennessee  Pass. 

AT  LEADVILLE  with  Blue  River  Branch  for  Robinson,  Kokomo  and 
Wheeler's,  via  Fremont  Pass. 

AT  CUCHARA  with  the  El  Moro  Branch. 

AT  ALAMOSA  with  Del  Norte  Branch. 

AT  ANTON  ITO  with  the  Antonito  and  New  Mexico  Division  for  Espanola 
and  Santa  Fe. 

AT  DURANGO  with  the  Silverton  Branch. 

BY  STAGE. 

AT  LARKSPUR  with  carriages  for  Perry  Park,  distant  seven  miles. 

AT  WESTCLIFFE  with  transfer  for  Silver  Cliff  and  Rosita. 

AT  MARYSVILLE  for  Garfield  and  the  Monarch  Mining  District. 

AT  VILLA  GROVE  for  Bonanza  City,  Sedgwick,  Saguache,  and  all  points 
in  the  San  Luis  Valley. 

AT  GUNNISON  with  J.  L.  Sanderson  &  Co.'s  Concord  coaches  for  Barnum, 
Lake  City,  Ouray,  and  all  interior  points. 

AT  CRESTED  BUTTE  with  J.  L.  Sanderson  &  Co.'s  stages  for  Gothic, 
Ruby,  Irwin,  and  all  points  in  the  Elk  Mountains. 

AT  ALPINE  for  Virginia  City  and  Hillerton. 

AT  BUENA  VISTA  with  stage  lines  for  Cottonwood  Hot  Springs,  and  for 
the  Tin  Cup  and  Aspen  Districts,  via  Cottonwood  Pass. 

AT  TWIN  LAKES  with  hack  lines  for  Twin  Lakes,   five  miles  distant. 

AT  RED  CLIFF  for  Mount  of  the  Holy  Cross,  Gold  Park,  and  the  Eagle 
and  Grand  River  Valleys. 

AT  LEADVILLE  for  the  Soda  Springs,  Evergreen  Lakes,  Independence, 
Aspen  and  Ashcroft. 

AT  WHEELER'S  with  stage  lines  for  Breckenridge,  Georgetown,  Frisco, 
Chihuahua,  Montezuma  and  Decatur. 

AT  EL  MORO  with  hack  line  for  Trinidad,  five  miles  distant. 

AT  DEL  NORTE  with  J.  L.  Sanderson  &  Co.'s  coaches  for  Wagon 
Wheel  Gap,  Antelope  Springs,  Lake  City,  Ouray,  Saguache,  the  Summit 
Mines,  and  all  sections  of  the  San  Juan  and  Gunnison  countries. 

AT  AMARGO  for  Pagosa  Hot  Springs,  twenty-five  miles. 

AT  DURANGO  with  connecting  lines  for  Fort  Lewis,  Parrott  City,  Farm- 
ington,  and  all  sections  of  the  San  Juan  Region. 

AT  ROCKWOOD  with  J.  L.  Sanderson  &  Co.'s  line  for  Rico. 

AT  SILVERTON  with  stages  for  Ophir,  San  Minguel,  Howardville,  Eureka, 
Animas  Forks,  Mineral  Point  and  Tellurium. 

AT  BARRANCA  with  hack  line  for  the  famous  Hot  Springs  at  Ojo  Caliente, 
twelve  miles  away. 

AT  EMBUDO  with  private  conveyances  for  Taos,  twenty  miles. 

AT  ESPANOLA  with  J.  L.  Sanderson  &  Co.'s  elegant  stages  for  Santa 
Fe,  distant  twenty-three  miles. 

14 


194  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


NORTHERN  PACIFIC  RAILWAY. 


Road  owned,  December  1882,  Superior  City,  Wis.,  to  end  of  track  in 
Montana,  1,031  miles;  Wallula  Junction,  Wash.  Ter.,  to  Noxan,  Idaho,  415 
miles;  branches  Eastern  Division,  85  miles;  Pacific  Division,  135  miles; 
leased,  Sauk  Rapids,  Minn.,  to  St.  Paul,  75  miles;  branches,  350  miles;  total 
worked,  2.091  miles.  Work  is  in  progress  on  gap  in  main  line  between  end 
of  track  in  Montana  and  Noxan,  about  274  miles;  also  on  several  branches  in 
Minnesota  and  Dakota.  The  leased  branches  are  chiefly  owned  by  the  Oregon 
and  Transcontinental  Company,  which  also  owns  a  controlling  interest  in  the 
Northern  Pacific  Company. 

Locomotives,  July  I,  1882,  158;  passenger  cars,  99;  freight  cars,  5,112. 
Large  additions  to  equipment  have  been  made  and  are  under  contract.  Stock 
Preferred,  $41,909,132;  Common,  49,000,000;  total,  $90,909,132. 


GENERAL,   OFFICERS. 

H.  VILLARD,  President, Mills'  Building,  Broad  Street,  N.  Y 

T    F   OAKES,  Vice-President Mills'  Building,  Broad  Street,  N.  Y 

A.  J.  THOMAS,  Second  Vice-President Mills'  Building,  Broad  Street,  N.  Y 

SAMUEL  WILKESON,  Secretary Mills'  Building,  Broad  Street,  N.  Y 

R.  L.  BELKN AP,  Treasurer Mills'  Building,  Broad  Street,  N.  Y 

J.  A.  BARKER,  General  Auditor Mills'  Building,  Broad  Street.  N.  Y 

GEO.  GRAY,  General  Counsel i  Nassau  Street,  N.  Y 

A.  ANDERSON,  Chief  Engineer Brainerd,  Minn 

HER  vlAN  HAUPT,  General  Manager : St.  Paul,  Minn 

GEO.  W.  CROSS,  Superintendent  Transportation St.  Paul,  Minn 

J.  M.  HANNAFORD,  General  Freight  Agent St.  Paul,  Minn 

GEORGE  K.  BARNES,  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent St.  Paul,  Minn 

C.  B.  LAMBORN,  Land  Commissioner St    Paul,  Minn 

HERMAM  TROTT,  Acting  General  Land  Agent St.  Paul,  Minn 

P.  B.  GROAT,  General  Emigration  Agent St.  Paul,  Minn 

G  G.  SANBORN,  LocalTreasurer St.  Paul,  Minn 

M.  P.  MARTIN,  Auditor .....St.  Paul,  Minn 

J.  H.  AMES,  General  Purchasing  Agent St.  Paul,  Minn 

W.  J.  FOOTNER,  Superintendent  Express St.  Paul,  Minn 

O.  C.  GREENE,  Superintendent  Telegraph St.  Paul,  Minn 

S.  G.  FULTON,  Division  Freight  Agent Fargo,  D.  T 

B.  McHUGH,  Superintendent  St.  Paul  and  Minnesota  Division Brainerd  Minn 

C.  T.  HOBART,  Superintendent  Dakota  Division Fargo,  Dak 

D.  R.  TAYLOR,  Superintendent  Missouri  Division Bismarck,  Dak 

S.  R.  AINSLIE,  Superintendent  Yellow  Stone  Division Glendive,  M.  T 

G.  W.  CUSHING,  Superintendent  Rolling  Stock Brainerd,  Minn 

H.  J.  S.  SMALL.  Acting  Master  Mechanic Brainerd,  Minn 

T   J.  DELMERE,  Car  Accountant St.  Paul,  Minn 

W.  H.  LOWE,  General  Baggage  Agent Brainerd,  Minn 

The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  leads  to  an  immense  new  country,  where 
almost  anyone  can  make  money  either  in  prolific  and  sure  wheat  crops,  in 
cattle  and  sheep  raising  on  the  largest  area  of  grazing  country,  growing  the 
finest  bunch  grass  in  the  world,  and  is  the  best  gold  and  silver  regions  in  the 
United  States. 


Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  195 

THE  NORTHEKN  PACIFIC  RAILKOAD 

Begins  at  St.  Paul  and  Minneapolis,  passes  through  the  Park  Region  of  Min- 
nesota, across  the  Fertile  Valley  of  the  famous  Red  River  of  the  North,  out  to 
the  Broad,  Fertile  Prairies  of  Dakota;  thence  over  the  expansive  upland  plains 
to  the  rapidly  opening,  rich  Missouri  River  Slope,  and  onward  through  the 
many  pretty  valleys  of  Western  Dakota,  passing  through  the  wonderful  Pyra* 
mid  Paik  to  the  fruitful  Yellowstone  Valley. 
This  road  leads  directly  through  Dakota's 

"GREAT  WHEAT  BELT," 

The  grain  from  which  has  proven  to  be  so  superior  to  the  highest  grade  ever 
before  known,  and  bringing  prices  than  any  other,  it  required  some  standard 
name  to  designate  it,  as  a  grade  above  all  others  in  the  markets  and  boards  of 
trade,  and  is,  therefore  now  generally  known  as  "No.  I  Hard." 

Millions  of  Acres  of  these  Fertile  Wheat  Lands  are 

for  sale  by  this  Company  at  from  $2.6O  to 

$4.OO  per  Acre. 


MONTANA  AND  IDAHO 

Are  producing  largely  from  exceeedingly  rich  GOLD  AND  SILVER  MINES  in 
numerous  large  mining  camps.  There  are  immense  districts  where  gold  and 
silver  is  known  to  exist  in  abundance,  but  which  having  never  been  fully  pros- 
pected, invite  new  discoveries  by  all  persons  who  desire  to  prospect  and 
develop  them.  Clark's  Fork  and  Maginnis  Mining  Camps  are  offering 
extraordinary  fine  prospects.  Clark's  Fork  Mining  Camp  has  just  been  thrown 
open  by  act  of  Congress  to  be  prospected  and  developed.  The  only  practi- 
cable route  to  these  mines  is  by  the  Rorthern  Pacific  Railroad. 

There  are  two  trains  over  this  road  each  way  daily,  (except  Sunday,)  carrying 
Parlor  and  Dining  Cars  and  Pullman  Sleepers.  The  road  is  now  completed  to 
Bozeman  in  Montana,  and  will  be  finished  to  the  Pacific  Coast  in  1883. 

TIME  TABLE. 

FROM  ST.  PAUL,  MINNEAPOLIS  AND  DULUTH. 

WESTWARD.  PACIFIC  EX.  DAY  EX. 

Leave  Chicage 9:00  P.M.  n  130  A.M. 

Arrive  at  St.  Paul 12:45     "  6:15     " 

"         Minneapolis 1:30     "'  7:00     " 

Leave  St.  Paul ;,... 7:30    "  7:25     " 

"     Minneapolis 8:00     "  8:00     " 

CONNECTIONS. 

AT  ST.  PAUL,  with  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul;  the  Chicago,  St.  Paul, 
Minneapolis  and  Omaha;  the  St.  Paul  and  Duluth  Railroads,  and  with 
Mississippi  River  Packets  to  and  from  the  East  and  South  to  the  Far 
West  via  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 


196  Resources  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

AT  MINNEAPOLIS,  with  the  Minneapolis  and  St.  Louis  Railroad,  and  Chicago, 
Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railway,  to  and  from  the  East  and  South  to  the 
Far  West  via  Northern  Pacific  Railroad. 

AT  DULUTH,  with  the  Lake  Superior  lines  of  Elegant  Lake  Steamers  to  and 
from  Lake  points  and  Eastern  points,  to  the  Far  West  via  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  with  the  St.  Paul  and  Duluth  Railroad  to  and  from 
St:  Paul. 

AT  CLYNDON,  with  the  St  Paul,  Minneapolis  and  Manitoba  Railroad,  to  and 
from  points  North. 

AT  BISMARCK,  with  the  "Benton,"  "Coulson"  and  "Peck"  lines  of  elegant 
Missouri  River  Steambots,  leaving  Bismarck  tri-weekly  to  Ft.  Stevenson, 
Ft.  Berthold,  Ft.  Buford,  Ft.  Benton,  Carroll,  Helena,  Maginnis  Mines 
and  Upper  Missouri  River  points. 

FROM  MILES  CITY,  Gilmor,  Salsbury  &  Co.  run  daily  stages  in  connection 
with  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  to  Junction,  Huntly,  Bensons,  Stillwater, 
Billings  and  Bozeman,  connecting  at  Billings  and  Bensons  for  Clark's 
Fork  Mines,  and  at  Bozeman  for  Helena,  Butte  City,  Deer  Lodge,  and 
other  points  in  Montana. 

Towns  and  Villages  are  growing-  up  rapidly  along-  the 
Northern  Pacific  Road. 

For  full  information,  maps,  pamphlet  and  other  publications, 

FOR  EASTERN  MONTANA,  APPLY  TO 

,£.  M.  NEWPORT,  General  Land  Agent,  St.  Paul,  Minn., 

AND  FOR  CENTRAL  AND  WESTERN  MONTANA  AND  IDAHO,  TO 

EDWIN  STONE,  General  Land  Agent,  Helena,  Montana. 
The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  has  millions  of  acres  of  Land  in  Washington 
and  Oregon,  which  are  offered  at  the  low  price  of  $2.60  per  acre,  and  for 
information  relating  to  these  lands,  apply  to  J.  H.  HOUGHTON,  General 
Land  Agent,  New  Tacoma,  Washington  Territory,  or  PAUL  SHULTZE, 
General  Emigration  Agent,  Portland,  Oregon. 

For  general  information  relating  to  the  Pacific  Northwest,  apply  to,  or 
address  A.  L.  STOKES,  General  Eastern  Passenger  Agent, 

52  Clark  Street,  Chicago,  111. 

NOTICE. — Coupon  Tickets  to  all  points  East  are  on  sale  at  the  principal 
stations  of  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Co. 

TOURISTS. 

Tourists,  Pleasure  Seekers,  Invalids  and  Sportsmen,  in  search  of  scenic 
attractions,  health  and  sport,  find  in  the  Northern  Pacific  Country  a  climate 
unsurpassed  in  health  giving  qualties,  and  an  abundance  of  game  and  fish  of 
gaeat  variety  and  unequal ed  for  size  and  quality.  As  they  traverse  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad,  they  will  pass  through  the  most  remarkable  and  sublime 
scenery  in  the  world.  There  is  nowhere  else  any  scenery  equal  in  grandeur 
and  wonderful  new  varieties  to  that  found  in  the  YELLOWSTONE  VALLEY,  the 
Mountains  along  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad,  and  especially  to  that  found 
in  the  GREAT  NATIONAL  PARK  with  its  numberless  and  majestic  Geysers, 
varied  in  size,  shape,  temperature,  and  other  most  astonishing  feaiu.es,  together 
with  its  beautiful  vallsys,  streams  and  mountains. 


.      : 


